Amandla e-shrinkge akweyiphi na ubude beyunithi kumphezulu wolwelo lubizwa ngokuba yingqumbo yoxinzelelo, kwaye iyunithi i-N. M-1.
Ipropathi yokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomhlaba wesinyithi lubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi womphezulu, kwaye into enepropathi ibizwa ngokuba yinto esebenzayo.
Isixhobo esisebenzayo esisebenzayo esinokubopha iimolekyuli kwisisombululo esinamandla kwaye senze imibutho yemigangatho, kwaye sinefuthe lomphezulu, ngelixa sinokuhlamba, ukuhlamba, ukuhlamba, ukuhlamba, ukuhlamba, uhlamba, njl.
I-Surfacent yimilinganiselo ye-orgacgec enesakhiwo esikhethekileyo kunye nepropathi, enokutshintsha kakhulu imbambano phakathi kwezigaba ezibini okanye ukungqungqa kwezinto ezinqabileyo (kunye nokuhlamba, ukuhlamba kunye nezinye iipropathi.
Ngokwemo yesakhiwo, i-surfcapes inezinto eziqhelekileyo kuba zinamaqela amabini ezohlukeneyo zendalo kwiimolekyuli zabo. Kwelinye icala likhonkco elide leqela elingelolize, inyibilikiswa kwioyile kwaye i-insularn emanzini, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiQela le-hydrophobic okanye iqela eliphindezayo. Iqela eliphikisayo lamanzi yimixokelelwane emide ye-hydrocarbons, ngamanye amaxesha kunye ne-slicon, i-silicon, i-organophosphate, i-organotin chain, iQela le-Hydrophilic okanye iqela eliphindaphindiweyo. Iqela le-hydrophili kufuneka libe li-hydrophilic elaneleyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke i-surfacapes inyibilikiswa emanzini kwaye inesifo esifanelekileyo. Ukusukela kumaqela e-surfacapes kubandakanya amaqela e-hydrophobic, banokunyibilika ubuncinci kwizigaba ezingamanzi. Le ndawo ye-hydrophilic kunye ne-lipophilic ye-surfaphic ibizwa ngokuba yi-amptharicility.
I-surfacntl luhlobo lweemolekyuli ze-ampringhilic kunye namaqela e-hydrophobic kunye namaqela e-hydrophilic. Amaqela e-hydrophobic ye-surfacapes aqokelelwe i-hydrocarbons ende-chain, enje nge-chain ye-alkyl c8 ~ c20, i-alkyl rin i-8 ~ 16) kunye ne-TOM. Umahluko omncinci phakathi kwamaqela e-hydrophobic ikakhulu ngotshintsho lwe-hydrocarbon. Kwaye iintlobo zamaqela e-hydrophilic zingaphezulu, ke iipropathi ze-surfacapes zihambelana ikakhulu kumaqela e-hydrophilic ukongeza kubungakanani kunye nobume bamaqela e-hydrophobic. Utshintsho lolwakhiwo lwamaqela e-hydrophilic inkulu kunezo zamaqela e-hydrophobic, ngoko ke ukwahlula-hlulwa kwe-surfacantic ngokubanzi kusekwe kubume be-hydrophilic. Olu hlaselo lusekwe ekubeni iqela le-hydrophilic lingu-Ionic okanye hayi, kwaye yahlulwe yangama-Antinic, Creadic, i-Switernicion kunye nezinye iintlobo ezizodwa ze-surfcants.
① I-adsorption ye-surfacapes kwi-interfac
Iimolekyuli ze-surfaces ziimolekyuli ze-ampripgelic zemolekyuli ezinamaqela angama-lipophilic kunye ne-hydrophilic. Xa i-surfacnt ichithwe emanzini, iqela layo le-hydrophilic litsalelekile emanzini kwaye linyibilike ngamanzi, ngelixa iphumela i-Lipofilic Moleccur (okanye i-I-i-i-i-Interpecial yeZigaba ezibini, ezinciphisa uxinzelelo phakathi kwezi zigaba zimbini. Iimolekyuli ezingaphezulu (okanye i-ions) zivunyelwe kwi-interface, kokukhona ukuncitshiswa kwembambano.
② Ezinye iipropathi ze-Addrone
Uxinzelelo lomphezulu we-Addrane: I-Adsorction ye-surfient kwi-intercal yegesi yegesi ukwenza i-Adphone ye-adsorneng kwi-Adsorble ekhutshelweyo, kwaye i-memrane ityhila ingcinezelo kwiphepha lokudada, elibizwa ngokuba yingcinezelo ye-adphong.
I-viscosity yomphezulu: Njengoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukugcinwa komphezulu yipropathi eboniswe yi-Inbrane ye-insuble moler. Inqunyanyisiwe yi-wiretinam ye-wire ye-wire ye-wire ye-wire ye-wire ye-wire, ukuze inqwelomoya yayo iqhagamshelane nomphezulu wamanzi wetanki, ijikeleze iPlatinam Ingqungquthela yePlatinam, iPlatinam Ingqengqelo yi-Viscofity ye-viscofity, i-Amlqulelo Indlela yile: Okokuqala, uvavanyo lwenziwa kumphezulu wamanzi acocekileyo ukulinganisa ukubola i-amllibel, kwaye ke ukubola emva kokubekwa kwe-membrane engaphezulu kulinganiswa kumlo ophakathi kwale mibini.
I-viscosity yomphezulu inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuqina kwe-membrane engaphezulu, kwaye ukusukela kwi-membrane ye-Addrane inoxinzelelo lomphezulu kunye novimba, kufuneka ube ne-elasticity. Ukuphakama koxinzelelo lomhlaba kunye nokuphezulu kwe-viscofity ye-membrane ye-adsorne, iphakame i-modustic ye-elastic yayo. Imodeli ye-elastic ye-membrane yomphezulu we-adphone ibalulekile kwinkqubo yokuzinza kwe-bubble.
Ukuqulunqwa kweMielles
I-Dille Solutions ye-surfacapes Tuthola imithetho elandelwe zizisombululo ezifanelekileyo. Isixa se-surfacment adrentwer ebusweni besicombululo enyuka ngokuxihla kwesisombululo, kwaye xa uxinzelelo lufikelela okanye lingaphezulu kwe-molekyuli ethile kwisisombululo kwindlela ye-habalazard okanye enye indlela eqhelekileyo. Zombini ukuziqhelisela kunye nethiyori zibonisa ukuba zenza imibutho ngesisombululo, kwaye ezi mibutho zibizwa ngokuba yimiluki.
Uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lwe-Mielc (CMC): Owona msebenzi uphambili apho imithambo ye-surfades milines kwiSisombululo ibizwa ngokuba yi-mielling cesterations.
④ Amaxabiso e-CMC ye-surfacants eqhelekileyo.
I-HLB sisifinyezo se-hydrophile lipophile, ebonisa ibhalansi ye-hydrophilic kunye ne-lipophilic yeqela le-hydrophilic kunye ne-lipophilic ye-surfilic ye-surfilic, okt, ixabiso le-HLB le-HLB. Ixabiso elikhulu le-HLB libonisa imolekyuli ene-hydrophicicity eyomeleleyo kunye ne-lipophicicicty; ngokuchaseneyo, i-lipophility yelindle kunye nobuthathaka i-hydrophicicity.
Izibonelelo zexabiso le-HLB
Ixabiso le-HLB lixabiso le-HLB, xa ixabiso le-HLB liphuhliswa, njengomgangatho, ixabiso le-HLB le-DlDBIIC, le-HLB le-HLB le-SODICERS ngokubanzi liphakathi kwe-1 ukuya kwi-40. Ngokubanzi Ixabiso le-HLB lingaphantsi kwe-10 yi-lipophilic, ngelixa ingaphezulu kwe-10 yi-hydrophilic. Ke, indawo yokutshintsha evela kwi-lipophilic kwi-hydrophilic imalunga ne-10.
Ngokusekwe kumaxabiso e-HLB ye-surfacapes, umbono oqhelekileyo wokusetyenziswa kwabo unokufumaneka, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1-3.
Iziselo ezimbini ezingenamsebenzi, enye ichithwa kwelinye ichithwe ngamanye amaxesha Le nkqubo yi-thermodyonal engazinziswanga ngenxa yolwando lomda wolwelo lwesibini xa i-Emosion yenziwe. Ukwenzela ukwenza isitali esizinzileyo, kuyimfuneko ukongeza icandelo lesithathu - i-enulsifier yokunciphisa amandla ezi-plafamithi yeNkqubo. I-Emolsifier yeyokwahlulwa, umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukudlala indima ye-enulsion. Isigaba se-emulsion ekhoyo njengoko i-domplets ibizwa ngokuba sisigaba esisasazwayo (okanye isigaba sangaphakathi, iSigaba sokuSebenza), kwaye elinye inqanaba elidityaniswe kunye libizwa ngokuba yinqanaba lokusasazeka (okanye isigaba sangaphandle).
I-emilssifiers kunye ne-emulsions
I-emulsions eqhelekileyo, isigaba esinye sisiseko samanzi okanye isisombululo esinamandla, elinye inqanaba lezinto eziphilayo lingabonakali ngamanzi, i-oyile ihlaselwe njenge-oyile, i-oyile / amanzi) W / o (amanzi / ioyile). I-Wight-in-on-on-on-on-on-of-of-of-of-of-of-of-of-o / o / w yohlobo kunye ne-oyile-ye-oyile-oyile-oyile-oyile o / w / o i-eulti-Eultions ingenziwa.
I-Emoulsifiers isetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa ii-emulsoon ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo oluhlanganisiweyo kunye nokwakha i-molecule engatshatanga.
Kwimvelaphi yemfuno ye-EMUNMIFIer:
A: I-emulsifier kufuneka ikwazi ukuvuma okanye iphakamise unxibelelwano phakathi kwezigaba ezibini, ukuze impindezelo incitshisiwe;
B: I-emulsifier kufuneka inike amasuntswana kwisigqibo, ukuze i-elektrostitic iphinde iphinde iphinde ihlawulwe, okanye yenze i-membrane ekhuselayo, i-viscous ekhuselayo ejikeleze amasuntswana.
Ke ngoko, isixhobo esisetyenziswe njenge-emulsifier kufuneka ibe namaqela e-ampringshilic ukwenzela ukuthoba, kwaye i-surfacapes inokuhlangabezana nale mfuno.
Iindlela zokulungiselela zokulungiselela kokuvela kunye nezinto ezichaphazela uzinzo lwe-eulsions
Zimbini iindlela zokulungiselela ii-Edosions: Inye yokusebenzisa indlela yoomatshini ukusasaza ulwelo kumasuntswana amancinci kolunye ulwelo, olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso; Enye into kukunyibilikisa ulwelo kwimo yemolekyuli kolunye ulwelo, kwaye emva koko uyenze iqokelelene ngokufanelekileyo ukwenza ii-emulssions.
Uzinzo lwe-emulsion kukukwazi ukuchasana nokuchasana nokukhokelela ekuphumezweni kwesigaba. I-emulsions ziinkqubo ezingazinzanga ze-thermodyonals ezinamandla amakhulu. Ke ngoko, ekuthiwa kukuzinza komntu okwi-emulsion kuphela ixesha elifunekayo lokufumana ulinganiso, okt, ixesha elifunekayo lokwahlukana nolwelo lwenkqubo ukuba yenzeke.
Xa i-membrane engalunganga enamafutha athambileyo, amanqatha aacids kunye namavidi atyebileyo kunye nezinye iimolekyuli zepoleric, amandla e-membrane ephezulu kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba, kwi-adsorption ye-adsorpecial yemolekyuli kunye nee-alcolels, ii-asidi kunye nee-amines kunye nezinye iimolekyuli ze-polar, ukuze amandla okuhlangana anyuke.
I-Emosifiers equkethe ngaphezulu kwe-surfacants ezimbini ibizwa ngokuba yi-EULSIFISIRER ezixubileyo. I-eUlsifier exutywe e-Adersifier e-adred kwi-intanethi / kwi-oyile i-oyile; Intshukumo ye-intermolecular inokwenza isbuss. Ngenxa yesenzo esinezithuba zomeleleyo, imbambano engenamsebenzi incitshisiwe kakhulu, inani le-EULDsimier Adredbed kwi-inction inyuke kakhulu, ukumiswa kokuxinana kwabantu kwi-membrane ukunyuka kwayo, amandla enyuka.
Isimangalo sezihlalo ezingamanzi sinefuthe elibonakalayo kuzinzo lwe-emulsion. I-emulsoon ezizinzileyo, iibhulukhwe zayo ezingamanzi zihlawuliswa ngokubanzi. Xa i-Ionic mulsifier isetyenziswa, i-emulsifier ion e-Adredbed kwiqela layo leLipophilic ifakwe kwiSigaba seoyile kunye neqela le-hydrophilic likwisigaba samanzi, ngaloo ndlela senza ukuba amadlelo amanzi ahlawulwe. Njengokubengwa kwe-emulsion kunye nentlawulo efanayo, bayaphinda, akukho lula ukuba baphazamiseke, ukuze uzinzo lukhule. Ingabonwa ukuba ii-emulsifier ezingakumbi ezivunjululweyo kubuhlungu, kokukhona intlawulo enkulu, kokukhona inkoliso yokuthintela ubuhlalu kwi-AgeGlomeration, eyona nto izinzileyo i-emulsion inkqubo.
I-viscosity ye-Emoulsion Deparion ephakathi inefuthe oluthe chaphaza oluthile kuzinzo lwe-emulsion. Ngokubanzi, ukuphakama kwe-viscofity ye-dispriation, ukuphakama kozinzo kwi-emulsion. Kungenxa yokuba ukubonwa kwendawo yokusasazwa kuyinto enkulu, enesiphumo esinengxaki ye-brownian ye-brownia ye-buds kwaye icothise ukungqubana phakathi kwe-youles yolwelo, ukuze inkqubo ihlala izinzile. Ngokwesiqhelo, izinto zePolymer ezinokuthi zichithwe kwi-eulsions zinokonyusa i-viscofity yenkqubo kwaye zenze uzinzo lwee-eulssions ngaphezulu. Ukongeza, i-polymers inokwenza i-membrane engaqhelekanga, esenza inkqubo ye-emulsion izinzile ngakumbi.
Ngamanye amaxesha, ukongezwa komgubo oqinileyo kunokwenza ukuba i-emulsion idla ngokuzinza. Umgubo oqinileyo usemanzini, ioyile okanye isinxibelelanisi, kuxhomekeka kwioyile, amanzi ngomhla wamanzi womgubo oqinileyo, ukuba umgubo oqinileyo awumanzi ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi, kodwa uya kuhlala kwi-oyile kunye neoyile.
Umgubo oqinileyo akakwenzi isitali esizinzileyo kuba umgubo ohlanganisene kwi-memmune ophucukileyo, okufanayo kwi-adsorction ye-e-Addnitical yemolekyuli ye-enulsifier, ngokusondeleyo i-Emowsion icwangciswe.
I-surfacapes inamandla okukhulisa amandla okuzima komhlaba wokunganyibi-mvula okanye kancinci amanzi anyibilikayo emva kokwenza uMilines kwisisombululo esinamandla, kwaye isisombululo sisekuhleni ngeli xesha. Le mpembelelo yeMille ibizwa ngokuba yiSolbilication. I-surfacnt enokuthi ivelise i-solbilization ibizwa ngokuba yiSollizer, kunye nomcimbi ophilayo obizwa ngokuba yiSolbobialid Into.
I-Foam idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlamba. I-Foam yinkqubo yokusasazeka apho irhasi isasazeka khona kwi-lower okanye irhasi njengenqanaba lokusasazeka, ngelixa ibizwa ngokuba yi-foam yolwelo, ngelixa i-foay i-foads, i-quads, i-quads, i-quads, i-quals, i-quads, i-qualm yediski, njl.
(1) Ukuqulunqwa kwe-foam
Ngogonyo sithetha apha i-aggregate ye-tybhu ye-air ahlukaniswe yi-membrane engamanzi. Olu hlobo lwe-bubble luhlala luphuma ngokukhawuleza kumhlaba olwelo ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu kwiSigaba esisasazekileyo (igesi) kunye nendawo yokusasazeka (idityaniswe nolwelo olusezantsi lolwelo.
Inkqubo yokwenza i-bubble kukuzisa isixa esikhulu serhasi kwi-lolwere, kwaye iibhubhu ze-ulwelo zibuyele kumphezulu, zenza i-agggate ye-fubble eyahlukaniswe nge-gebble yerhasi encinci.
I-Foam ineempawu ezimbini ezibalulekileyo ngokweMorphology: Enye yeyokuba iSigaba se-Pelyberal siyimilo, xa ifilimu ifihlakele, ikhokelela ekuphuhliseni i-bubble; Okwesibini kukuba ulwelo olucocekileyo alunakuzenzela ubugorha oluzinzileyo, ulwelo olunokwenza i-foam ubuncinci okanye ngaphezulu. Izisombululo ezizenziweyo ze-surfcants ziqhelekileyo zeenkqubo ezixhonyiwe kwisizukulwana se-foam, kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuvelisa i-Fom kunxulumene nezinye iipropathi.
I-surfacapes ngamandla amalungisa abizwa ngokuba ziiarhente ezingcolileyo. Nangona iarhente yenkululeko inesikhungo esihle, kodwa i-foam eyenziweyo isenokungakwazi ukugcina ixesha elide, oko kukuthi, uzinzo lwawo alulunganga. Ukwenzela ukugcina uzinzo lwengqokelela, rhoqo kwi-arhente ebilayo ukongeza izinto ezinokongeza ukuzinza kwegwebu, i-stabilizer ibizwa ngokuba yi-lamllizer, i-stabilizer ibizwa ngokuba yi-laumllizer kunye ne-dodecyl dimthylamine.
(2) Ukuzinza kwegwebu
I-Foam yinkqubo engazinzanga ngokungalinganiyo kwaye imeko yokugqibela kukuba indawo yonke yendawo yolwelo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ihla emva kokuba i-bubble yaphukile kwaye amandla asimahla ayancipha. Inkqubo yokufaka idayala yinkqubo apho i-membrane yolwelo ehlukanisa irhasi iba kutya kwaye incinci de ibe yeyaphule. Ke ngoko, inqanaba lokuzinza kwegwebu limiselwa ikakhulu ngesantya sokukhutshwa kolwelo kunye namandla efilimu engamanzi. Ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyaphembelela oku.
(3) Intshabalalo
Umgaqo osisiseko wentshabalalo ye-Foam kukutshintsha iimeko ezivelisa i-foam okanye ukuphelisa izinto ezizinzileyo zengqokelela, ngenxa yoko zikho iindlela zokusebenza kunye neekhemikhali zokudakumba.
Ukungakhathali ngokwasemzimbeni kuthetha ukutshintsha iimeko zemveliso ye-foam ngelixa ugcina ubume bemichiza, njengokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, utshintsho kubushushu okanye uxinzelelo kunye nonyango lwe-Ultrasonic zonke zisebenza kakuhle ukuphelisa ubugwebi.
Indlela yokudimanisa yemichiza kukongeza izinto ezithile zokusebenzisana nearhente yokufihla ukuba inciphise ifilimu yefilimu yokufikelela kwimozulu, ezo zinto zibizwa ngokuba zii-Defoamers. Uninzi lweeDefoamers zii-surfcants. Ke ngoko, ngokwendlela yokudakumba, uDefoamer kufuneka abe namandla aqinileyo ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lomhlaba, kulula ukuvuma kumphezulu, kwaye ukusebenzisana phakathi kweMolekyuli ye-adsorpt, imolekyuli ye-ADFRECK ehlelwe kwisimo se-Adsorve.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zikaDefoamer, kodwa ngokusisiseko, zizo zonke ii-ionic sub. I-Ionic ye-ionic ye-Ionic ineepropathi ezichasene ne-antic kufutshane okanye ngaphezulu kwenqaku labo kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa njengee-defoamers. I-alcohols, ngakumbi i-alcohols enesakhiwo sesebe, amanqatha Acids kunye ne-Acid enamafutha acid, ii-pullamides, i-phosphate esphate, i-silicone eils, njl. Njl.
(4) I-FOAM NOKUHLAZIYELWA
Akukho lizwi lithe ngqo phakathi kwegwebu kunye nokuhlamba ukusebenza kunye nexabiso le-foam ayibonisi ukusebenza kokuhlamba. Umzekelo, i-onfacints ye-Ininic ineepropathi ezimbalwa ezinamagqabi ngakumbi kune-SOAPS, kodwa udonga lwazo lungcono kakhulu kuneSops.
Ngamanye amaxesha, i-foam inokuba luncedo ekususeni ubumdaka kunye ne-grime. Umzekelo, xa uhlamba izitya ekhayeni, igwebu lengcinezelo ithatha iimpuphu zeoyile kwaye xa i-carpebs ye-carpets, i-foam inceda ekuthandeni uthuli, umgubo kunye nobunye ubumdaka obuqinileyo. Ukongeza, i-foam inokusetyenziswa njengophawu lokusebenza kwenkqubo yesicoci. Ngenxa yokuba i-oyile enamafutha anemiphumo yokuthintela kwigwebu le-orchegent, xa kukho ioyile eninzi kakhulu kwaye i-oyile enkulu kakhulu, akukho gwebu liya kuveliswa. I-Foam inokuthi ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswe njengesalathiso sococeko lokucoca, njengoko isixa segwebu kwisisombululo se-rinse sihlala sincipha ngokuncitshiswa kwenqanaba lokuthoba.
Kwindlela ebanzi, ukuhlamba yinkqubo yokususa izinto ezingafunekiyo kwinto eza kuhlanjwa kwaye kufezekise injongo ethile. Ukuhlamba kwindawo eqhelekileyo kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokususa ubumdaka kumphezulu womphathi. Ukuhlamba, ukusebenzisana phakathi komdaka kunye nomphathi wedlule okanye ukupheliswa kwesenzo sezinto zobumdaka (umz. Njengoko izinto eziza kuhlanjwa kunye nobumdaka ukuba zisuswe, ukuhlamba yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kwaye inkqubo esisiseko yokuhlamba inokubonakaliswa kubudlelwane obulula obulandelayo.
I-Carriyeli heart + isicoci +
Inkqubo yokuhlamba inokuhlala ihlulwahlulwe yangamanqanaba amabini: Okokuqala, phantsi kwesenzo sokucoca, ubumdaka bahlulwe kumphathi wayo; Okwesibini, ubumdaka obuthathaka busasazeka kwaye bunqunyanyisiwe kwi-Preum. Inkqubo yokuhlamba yinkqubo eguqukayo kunye noburhalarhume obusasazeke kwaye bunqunyanyisiwe ukuba baphinde baphinde baphinde baphinde bafumaneke kwi-medium ukuya kwinto ehlanjwa. Ke ngoko, isicoci esihle kufuneka sibe nobuchule bokusasazeka kwaye sinqumle i-Dell kunye nokukhusela i-repusotion ye-Remmotion, ukongeza kubuchule bokususa ubumdaka kumdaka.
(1) iintlobo zokungcola
Nokuba yinto efanayo, uhlobo, ukuqulunqwa kunye nenani lobumdaka kungahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwindalo esetyenziswayo. Ubumdaka bomzimba weoyile ikakhulu buyinto enye kunye neoyile yemifuno kunye nee-oyile zemifuno (njengeoyile ye-oyile, i-oyile, i-ralbon, njl njl. ubumdaka ekutyeni, njengamabala amantshontsho, ukupheka kweoyile yeoyile, amabala athobekileyo, isitatshi, njl njl.; ubumdaka obuvela kwi-cosmetics, njengemifanekiso ye-lipstick, isikhonkwane, njl.; ubumdaka obuvela kwimozulu, enjengeSoot, uthuli, udaka, njl njl.; Abanye, njenge-inki, iti, ukubopha, njl njl iza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zobumdaka zinokuhlala zahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezintathu eziphambili: Umdaka oqinileyo, ubumdaka obunamanzi kunye nobumdaka obukhethekileyo.
① ubumdaka obuqinileyo
Ubumdaka obuqinileyo obuqinileyo buquka amasuntswana e-Ash, udaka, uMhlaba, umhlwa kunye nekhabhoni emnyama. Uninzi lwala masuntswana anentlawulo yombane kumphezulu wabo, uninzi lwazo luhlawuliswa kakubi kwaye lunokuthandwa ngokulula kwizinto zefayibha. Ubumdaka obuqinileyo bunzima ukunyibilikisa emanzini, kodwa bungasasazeka kwaye banqunyanyisiwe zizisombululo. Ubumdaka obuqinileyo benobunzima obukhulu benqaku elincinci kunzima kakhulu ukuyisusa.
I-Dell Dell
Ubumdaka obunqabileyo bungazinzanga ngeoyile, kubandakanya isityalo kunye neoyile yezilwanyana, amanqatha anamafutha, iioyile ezinamafutha, ioyile yezimbiwa kunye nee-oyile zabo. Phakathi kwazo, utyala kunye neoyile yezilwanyana, amanqatha amanqatha anokwenzeka, ngelixa i-alkali ye-alfali, i-oyile kunye ne-sulssic scinsolbon ye-hydrocarbon, kunye nokusasazwa kwamanzi. Ukungcola kwe-oyile enyibilikayo kunamandla aqinileyo ngezinto ze-fiber, kwaye kuqinisekiswe ngokuqinileyo kwimicu.
③ ubumdaka obukhethekileyo
Special dirt includes proteins, starch, blood, human secretions such as sweat, sebum, urine and fruit juice and tea juice. Uninzi lolu hlobo lobumdaka lunokuba yikhemikhali kunye ne-adsor arrd kwizinto zefayibha. Ke ngoko, kunzima ukuhlamba.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zobumdaka zinqabile ukuba zifunyenwe zedwa, kodwa zihlala zixutywe kunye kwaye zingena kwinto. Ubumdaka ngamanye amaxesha bunokubekwa kwe-oxidred, ukubola okanye ukubola phantsi kwefuthe langaphandle, ngaloo ndlela kudala ubumdaka obutsha.
(2) Ukunamathela kumdaka
Iimpahla, izandla njl njl. Zinokubekwa phantsi kuba kukho uhlobo oluthile lokunxibelelana phakathi kwento kunye nobumdaka. Umdaka unamathele kwizinto ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa akukho ngaphezulu kokunamathela emzimbeni nasezikhemimili.
①Thetheion ye-SOOT, uthuli, udaka, isanti kunye namalahle empahla yokunxiba kukunamathela emzimbeni. Ngokubanzi, ngalo mbothelweni wobumdaka, kwaye indima phakathi kwento eqingqiweyo ibuthathaka, ukususwa kobumdaka kulula. Ngokwamakhosi ahlukeneyo, ukunamathela ngokwasemzimbeni kunzuzo kunokwahlulwa koomatshini bokunamathela ngoomatshini kunye no-elektrostic.
A: Umatshini wokuBambisana
Olu hlobo lomlinganiso ikakhulu lubhekisa kwi-adhesion yodaka oluqinileyo (umzekelo, uthuli, udaka kunye nesanti). Umatshini wokunamathela koomatshini yenye yeendlela ezibuthathaka zobumdaka kwaye zinokususwa ziphantse zenziwa ngoomatshini, kodwa xa ubumdaka buncinci (<0.um), kunzima kakhulu ukuyisusa.
B: I-elektrostic adherion
I-elektrosticic Adhericic ibonakaliswa kakhulu kwisenzo samasuntswana amdaka ahlawulelwayo kwizinto ezihlawulelwayo. Uninzi lwezinto ezinamaqhina zihlawuliswa kakubi emanzini kwaye zinokuthotyelwa ngokulula ngokungcola okuthile okuhlawuliswayo, ezinjengeentlobo ze-lime. Obu bumdaka, nangona buhlawuliswa kakubi, njengamasuntswana amnyama kwizisombululo ze-ionic, enokubambelela kwi-Ionic iibhulorho ezihamba-nye), e-Ion, e-CARGEALSE.
Intshukumo ye-electrostatic inamandla kunesenzo esilula sentshukumo, esenza ukuba isisu esimnyama sibe nzima.
② Adhesion yamachiza
Unxibelelwano lwekhemikhali lubhekisa kwi-phenomenon yobumdaka obubambeleyo kwinto ngokusebenzisa imichiza okanye ye-hydrogen. Umzekelo, i-polar eqinile ubumdaka, iprotein, i-rust kunye nolunye uhlobo lwe-fiber, i-fibers iqukethe i-calboxyl, amaqela kunye namanye amaqela anamafutha anzima ukwenza i-hydrogen bonds. Imikhosi yekhemikhali inamandla ngokubanzi kwaye ubumdaka buqinile kwinto leyo. Olu hlobo lobumdaka kunzima ukususa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo kwaye lufuna iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokujongana nayo.
Inqanaba lokunamathela kumdaka lihambelana nobume bengqumbo ngokwayo kunye nohlobo lwento ehambelana nayo. Ngokubanzi, amasuntswana athambeke ngokulula kwizinto ze-fibrous. Incinci yokufumana ubumdaka obuqinileyo, eyomeleleyo. I-Polar Dill kwizinto ze-hydrophilic ezifana nekotoni kunye neglasi inamathela ngakumbi kunodaka olungelulo. Ukungcola komoya ongenguye
(3) Indlela yokususa emdaka
Injongo yokuhlamba kukususa ubumdaka. Kwiqondo eliphakathi lobushushu (amanzi ikakhulu). Sebenzisa iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zesicoci sokwenza buthathaka okanye ukuphelisa izinto zobumdaka kunye nezinto ezihlanjululwe, phantsi kwesenzo samanyathelo okuphambuka, ukuhlamba umatshini), ukuze ifuthe lezinto ezihlanjwe kwinjongo yoDecontation.
I-Mechasm ye-Dell Dell Ukususwa
I-A: imanzi
Ulwelo oluhlaza lusekwe kwioyile. I-oyile i-oyile i-oyile i-oyile i-fibrous kwaye isasazeke kakhulu okanye ingaphantsi njengefilimu yeoyile phezu kwento yentsimbi. Inyathelo lokuqala kwisenzo sokuhlamba kukumanzi kumphezulu ngolwelo lokuhlamba. Ngenxa yomzekeliso, umphezulu wefayibha unokucingiswa njengendawo eqinileyo.
B: Ukuthathwa kweoyile-Meciting Mechanism
Inyathelo lesibini kwisenzo sokuhlamba kukususwa kweoyile kunye negrisi, ukususwa kobumdaka obungamanzi kufezekisiwe ngohlobo lokuhamba komdlalo. Ubumdaka obungamanzi bubekho kumphezulu ngohlobo lwefilimu yeoyile, kwaye phantsi kwesiphumo solwelo oluzimeleyo kumhlaba oqinileyo (okt, umphezulu we-oyile), wanyanzela inyathelo le-oyile kwaye ekugqibeleni wawushiya umphezulu wamandla athile aphantsi.
I-Mechanism yoMdaka oqinileyo
Ukususwa kobumdaka obungamanzi ikakhulu ngokusebenzisa ukuma komhlaba okhethiweyo kwisisombululo sokuhlamba, ngelixa inkqubo yokususa i-Dell yahlukile, apho inkqubo yokuhlamba ikakhulu malunga nokumanzi kwendawo yokuhlambela isisombululo. Ngenxa ye-adsorption ye-surfciants kumdaka oqinileyo kunye nomgangatho wayo wokuphatha, ukusebenzisana phakathi komdaka kunye nomphezulu oncitshiswayo, ngenxa yoko ubunzima obucekeceke lususwe ngokulula kumphezulu womphathi.
Ukongeza, i-adsorvocation ye-surfacapes, ngakumbi i-ionic surfaction, kumphezulu wobumdaka obuqinileyo kunye nomphathi wayo onokubakho ukonyusa amandla omdaka oqinileyo kunye nokususwa komdaka. Iindawo eziqinileyo okanye ngokubanzi zihlala zihlawuliswa ngokungafanelekanga kwimidiya enkulu kwaye ke zinokwenza ukuba imithombo yombane i-elektroniki kwimithombo yobumdaka okanye indawo eqinileyo. Ngenxa yokuphindaphinda kweendleko ze-homogeneous, i-adhesion yamasuntswana amdaka emanzini ukuya kumhlaba oqinileyo wenziwe buthathaka. Xa i-anion yongezwa, kuba kwangaxeshanye inokwandisa amandla aphezulu entreyini yentsumpa kunye nomgangatho oqinileyo, ukuziphindezela phakathi kwabo kuncitshisiwe ngakumbi, kwaye ukungcola kulula ukuyisusa.
I-Unic SunPints i-Ionic ye-Unic i-adredbeed kwimigangatho eqinileyo ngokubanzi kwaye nangona ayinakutshintshanga amandla okuhlangana, i-Adsorfacker Purfacys ifuna ukwenza ubungqingqwa obuthile bokubuyisela iposi ye-dispotion.
Kwimeko ye-cusiya ye-cusiya, i-adsorvotion inciphisa okanye isuse amandla angenasiphelo obunzima kunye nomgangatho wayo ophetheyo, onciphisa ukurhoxiswa phakathi kokususwa komdaka; Ngaphaya koko, emva kwe-adsornment kumhlaba oqinileyo, i-cuspic surfaccunts eqinileyo ijika i-hydrophobic ye-hydrophobic eqinileyo kwaye ke ayilunganga ukuba imanzi kwaye ke ihlanjululwe.
Ukususwa kwemihlaba ekhethekileyo
Iprotein, isitatshi, iimfihlakalo zabantu, ijusi yeziqhamo, i-tea kunye nobunye ubumdaka bunzima ukususa i-surfacants eqhelekileyo kwaye ufuna unyango olukhethekileyo.
Iiprotein amabala anjenge-cream, amaqanda, igazi, ubisi kunye nolusu u-Erretta udla ngokudibanisa ii-ribers kunye nodonga kwaye unamanzi. Iprotein i-protein inokususwa ngokusebenzisa iiproteases. Iprofayili yase-Enzyme iyaphula iiprotein kumdaka kwi-amino enyibilikiswe amanzi okanye i-oligopepteredes.
Amabala amatatshi ikakhulu avela ngokutya, amanye anje ngegrafu, iglue njl njl njl.
I-Lipsese ibeka i-Deaculation ye-triglycerides, ekunzima ukuyisusa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo, ezinje nge-sebum kunye neoyile edliwayo, kwaye ziqhekeza kwi-glycerol kunye ne-acids.
Amanye amabala anemibala evela kwijusi yeziqhamo, iijusi, i-inks, umlomo njlnjl njl. Zihlala zinzima ukucoca kakhulu emva kokuhlamba kakuhle. La mabala anokususwa yimpendulo ye-resox enokuphendula i-oxidiching okanye ukunciphisa iarhente efana ne-bleach, etshabalalisa ubume bemibala okanye amaqela ancedisayo imibala kunye nokuzihlisa zibe ngamacandelo amancinci anyibilikiswe amanzi amancinci.
(4) Indlela yokukhupha indawo yokucoca eyomileyo
Oku kungasentla kuphela kwamanzi njengendawo yokuhlamba. Ngapha koko, ngenxa yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zempahla kunye nesakhiwo, impahla ethile esebenzisa ukuhlamba kwamanzi ayilunganga okanye akukho lula ukuhlamba, kwaye kulula ukuyilahla, emva kokuba ihlanjwe kuya kuphela; Ngokuhlamba iimveliso zoboya zihlala zibonakala zihlala zishukuma, ezinye iimveliso zoboya ezinamanzi kulula kakhulu kulula ukudlala, utshintsho lombala; Ezinye isilika isandla siziva sijika siguqukele emva kokuhlamba kwaye siphulukane ne-luster yabo. Kuba ezi mpahla zihlala zisebenzisa indlela yokucoca eyomileyo yokuphelisa. Ukucocwa kowomileyo ukucoca ngokubanzi kubhekisa kwindlela yokuhlamba kwizinyibilikisi eziphilayo, ngakumbi kwizicoci ezingezizo ezingoobhontsi.
Ukucoca owomileyo yindlela entle yokuhlamba kunokuhlamba amanzi. Ngenxa yokuba ukucocwa kowomileyo akudingi nto ininzi yentshukumo, ayibangeli monakalo, ukungcungcutheka kunye nempahla yokunxiba, ngelixa iarhente yomile, ngokungafaniyo, kunqabile ukuvelisa ukwanda kunye nokuchasa. Logama nje itekhnoloji iphathwe kakuhle, iimpahla zinokucocwa ngaphandle kokugqwetha, imibala ephelayo kunye nenkonzo eyandisiweyo.
Ngokwendlela yokucoca eyomileyo, zintathu iintlobo zobumdaka.
I-①oil-annying dirt dirt dirt dis-i-firt dis-able-i-oyile ibandakanya zonke iintlobo zeoyile kunye negrisi, ezilulwelo okanye zinegrisi kwaye zinokuchithwa kwizinyithi ezomileyo zokucoca.
I-②water-amanzi emdaka enyibilikayo yamanzi ayinyibilikisi inyibilikiswa kwizisombululo zexabiso, kodwa ingekho kwimpahla yokucoca i-ofisi leyo, enjenge-Evatoting emva kokufakelwa kweetawuli ze-granular, isitatshi, iproteyini, njl njl.
I-③oil kunye ne-Insury Dat ye-Olim I-I-I-In-I-I-Insuncy engenamanzi kwaye i-insulanc engalunganga ayinyibilikisi inyibilikisi, injenge-carbon emnyama, i-silbon yentsimbi eyahlukeneyo kunye ne-oxidel, njl.
Ngenxa yohlobo olwahlukileyo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungcola, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokususa ubumdaka kwinkqubo yokucoca eyomileyo. Imihlaba enyibilikayo yeoyile, enje nge-oyile kunye neoyile yemifuno, ioyile yezimbiwa kunye ne-oyile, zinyibilikisi ngokulula kwiinyibilikisi zendalo kwaye zinokususwa ngokulula kucoceko lowomileyo. I-forling egqwesileyo yeenyibilikisi ezicociweyo zeoyile kunye neegreyithi ezisisiseko zivela kwiindonga zeVer Der eziphakathi kweemolekyuli.
Ukususwa kwemifuno enyibilikayo yamanzi njengetyiwa, iswekile, iiproteni, ilungelo lamanzi kufuneka longezwe kwiarhente yokucoca eyomileyo, ngenye indlela ubumdaka obunyibilikayo kunzima ukuyisusa kwimpahla. Nangona kunjalo, amanzi kunzima ukunyibilikisa kwi-arhente yokucoca eyomileyo, ukuze kwandiswe inani lamanzi, kuya kufuneka ukongeza i-surfacants. Ubukho bamanzi kwiarhente yokucoca eyomileyo inokwenza umphezulu wobumdaka kunye nempahla yempahla ye-hydraches, ukuze kulula ukunxibelelana namaqela epolise, elungele i-adsorption ye-surfcants kumphezulu. Ukongeza, xa i-tionsficapes yefom yemifanekiso, ubumdaka obunyibilikayo kunye namanzi bunokubethwa kwimithambo. Ukongeza ukwandisa umxholo wamanzi weSolvent yokucoca eyomileyo, i-surficapes inokudlala indima ekuthinteleni i-differe yokufumana ubumdaka ukuphucula isiphumo sokudakumba.
Ubukho bexabiso elincinci lamanzi kubalulekile ukuba basuse ubumdaka obunyibilikayo, kodwa amanzi amaninzi kunokubangela ukugqwetha kunye nokugqobhoza kwezinye iimpahla, ke isixa samanzi kwi-arhente yokucoca eyomileyo kufuneka iphakathi.
Ubumdaka obunganyibiliki yamanzi okanye i-oyile e-oil, amasuntswana aqinileyo anjengo-Ash, udaka, uMhlaba kunye nekhabhoni, aqhotyoshelwe kwingubo ngemikhosi ye-elektrostatic okanye ngokudibeneyo neoyile. Ukucoca owomileyo, ukuhamba kweswekile, ifuthe lingenza i-adsormetic yamandla engcoliseko, kwaye iarhente yokucoca eyomileyo i-oyile inokuthi inqunyanyiswe i-oyile, i-sublecals eqhotyoshelweyo, ukusasazeka, ukuthintela i-repotion kwimpahla.
(5) IZINTO EKUFUMANELEKILEYO UKUZIPHATHA
I-adsorction yecandelo le-surfacapes kwi-interface kunye nokuncitshiswa komhlaba (izinto ezihlanganisiweyo) zezona zinto ziphambili ekususweni kolwelo okanye ubumdaka obuqinileyo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokuhlamba inzima kwaye inesiphumo sokuhlambela, nkqu nohlobo olufanayo, luphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi. Ezi zinto zibandakanya ukugxininiswa kwesicoci, ubushushu, uhlobo lokuphola, uhlobo lwefayibha kunye nobume belaphu.
① Uxinzelelo lwe-surfacent
Imilxes ye-surfacapes kwisisombululo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlamba. Xa uxinzelelo lufikelela kwi-mieldication ebalulekileyo (CMC), isiphumo sokuhlambela sanyusa kabukhali. Ke ngoko, ukuxinana kwesicoci kwi-solvent kufuneka kuphakanyelwe kunexabiso le-CMC ukuba nefuthe elilungileyo lokuhlambela. Nangona kunjalo, xa uxinzelelo lwe-surfacnt lungaphezulu kunexabiso le-CMC, ukunyuka okwandisiweyo kwisiphumo sokuhlamba akucaci kwaye akukho mfuneko yokonyusa uxinzelelo lwe-surticant kakhulu.
Xa ususa ioyile ngokusungulwa, indlela yesoluthoring yonyuka ngokukhulisa uxinzelelo lwe-surfaction, nokuba uxinzelelo lungaphezulu kwe-CMC. Ngeli xesha, kuyacetyiswa ukuba usebenzise isicoci kwindlela esezantsi. Umzekelo, ukuba kukho ubumdaka obuninzi kwi-cuffs kunye nekhola yengubo, umaleko wesicoci unokusetyenziswa ngexesha lokuhlamba ukwandisa isimo sesolokhwe kwioyile.
Iimpembelelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwisenzo sokuhombisa. Ngokubanzi, ukwandisa amaqondo obushushu aqulunqa ukususwa kobumdaka, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ubushushu obukhulu kakhulu kunokubangela ukungalunganga.
Ukonyuka kwamaqondo obushushu aququzelela ukungafani kobumdaka, igrisi eqinileyo ikhutshelwe ngokulula kumaqondo obushushu anyibilikayo kwaye iintsinga zonyukeka ngenxa yokwanda kweqondo lobushushu. Nangona kunjalo, kwiilaphu zecompact, ii-microgaps phakathi kweentsinga zincitshiswa njengokuba iintsinga zandiswa, nto leyo eyenzakalisayo ekususweni kwe-dill.
Iinguqu zobushushu zikwachaphazela ukona, ixabiso le-CMC kunye nobungakanani be-josicants, ngenxa yoko ichaphazela isiphumo sokuhlamba. Ukunyibilika kwe-surfacants kunye neekhabhoni zekhabhoni ezinde kusezantsi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha isothulolo lingaphantsi kwexabiso le-CMC, ke amaqondo obushushu akhule ngokufanelekileyo. Iziphumo zobushushu kwixabiso le-CMC kunye nobungakanani be-mielle zahlukile kwi-Ionic kunye ne-Unic. Kwi-Iobani i-Ionic Sunts, ukwanda kobushushu bonyusa ixabiso le-CMC kwaye kunciphisa ubukhulu be-nyiel, okuthetha ukuba ukugxininiswa kwe-surfaction kwisisombululo sokuhlamba kufuneka inyuswe. Kwi-unic ye-non-Ionic engu-Ionic, ukwanda kweqondo lobushushu kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwexabiso le-CMC kunye nolwando olubalulekileyo kwivolumu ye-Millele, ngoko kuyacaca ukuba ukwanda kobushushu kuyanceda ifuthe lokusebenza kwe-ionic ukuze kusetyenzwe. Nangona kunjalo, iqondo lobushushu alifanele lingadlulanga kwilifu lakhe.
Ngamafutshane, ubushushu bokuhlamba amaqondo obushishi baxhomekeke kwi-streadgent yokwakhiwa kunye nento ehlanjwayo. Ezinye iindlela zinesiqwengana esihle kubushushu begumbi, ngelixa abanye besenza okokubanda phakathi kokuhlamba okubandayo nokuvutha umlilo.
③ fight
Kulisiko ukudidanisa amandla angcolileyo ngokuhlamba, ukukholelwa ukuba izicoci zamandla aphezulu zinempembelelo entle yokuhlamba. Uphando lubonise ukuba akukho lwalamano ngqo phakathi kwefuthe lokuhlambela kunye nenani lamajoni. Umzekelo, ukuhlamba ngezitolo ezinamagama asezantsi akunakuphumelela kunokuhlamba izitolo eziphezulu ezifihlakeleyo.
Nangona i-foam ayihambelani ngqo nokuhlamba, kukho izihlandlo apho kunceda ekususeni ubumdaka, umzekelo, xa izitya zokuhlamba ngesandla. Xa i-carpebs ekhupha iikhaphethi, i-foam inokuthi ithathe uthuli kunye namanye amasuntswana aqinileyo, amachaphaza amachaphaza amakhaphethi e-carphet, iarpet ecocekileyo yekhaphethi kufuneka ikwazi ukuqina okuthile.
Amandla afikisayo nawo abalulekile kwi-shampoos, apho i-foam elungileyo eveliswa lulwelo ngexesha lokutyibilika okanye ukuhlamba ishiya iinwele ziziva zityhafile kwaye zikhululekile.
④ Iindidi zeentsinga kunye neepropathi zomzimba zee-piles
Ukongeza kwisakhiwo semichiza yeentsika, ezichaphazela ububi kunye nokususwa kobumdaka, imbonakalo yemipu kunye nombutho wentambo kunye nelaphu linefuthe ekususweni kwengqondo.
Isikali seentsinga zoboya kunye ne-ribbons ye-ribbons egobileyo ye-cotton inokwenzeka ukuba iqokelele ubumdaka kuneentsinga ezigudileyo. Umzekelo, i-carbon emnyama ifakwe kwiifilimu zeSelsulose (iifilimu ze-viscose) kulula ukuyisusa, ngelixa i-carbon emnyama ifakwe kwilaphu lekotoni kunzima ukuhlamba. Omnye umzekelo kukuba iilaphu ezimfutshane zefibre ezenziwe nge-polyester zithambekele kakhulu ekuqokeleleni ioyile ye-oyile kuneendwangu ze-fiber kunye neendwangu ze-oyile kunzima kakhulu ukususa ngaphezu kweendwangu ze-oyile ezinde.
I-gonns ejijekileyo ejijekileyo kunye neendwangu eziqinileyo, ngenxa yomda omncinci phakathi kweentsinga, zinokuxhathisa ukuhlaselwa komdaka, kodwa okufanayo kunakho ukuqalisa ukuxhathisa ubumdaka, kodwa kwakuphela i-falls ehle kakhulu.
⑤ Ubunzima bamanzi
Ukugxininiswa kwe-CA2 +, MG2 + kunye nezinye ii-ion zentsimbi emanzini kunempembelelo enkulu ekuhlambeni, ingakumbi xa i-calcium ye-calcium kunye ne-ions ye-calcium kunye ne-magnesium inyibilikisi kwaye iya kunciphisa ukwenjenjalo. Kumanzi anzima, nokuba uxinzelelo lwe-surfacntl luphezulu, ukwenjenjalo kubi kakhulu kunasentlalweni. Nge-surfacnt ukuba nefuthe elilungileyo lokuhlamba, uxinzelelo lwe-CA2 + i-Ion + emanzini kufuneka incitshiswe ibe yi-1 X 10-6 mol / i (CACO3 ukuya kwi-0.1 mg / l) okanye ngaphantsi. Oku kufuna ukongezwa kwabantu abazithobelayo kwi-scordgent.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: NgoFebruwari-25-2022