Ngokutsho kwetheyibhile, i-surfactants efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa njenge-oyile-in-water emulsifiers inexabiso le-HLB ye-3.5 ukuya kwi-6, ngelixa ezo ze-emulsifiers zamanzi-ngaphakathi-oyile ziwela phakathi kwe-8 ukuya kwi-18.

② Ukumiselwa kweeNqobo ze-HLB (ezishiyiweyo).

07 I-Emulsification kunye neSolubilization

I-emulsion yinkqubo eyenziwa xa enye i-liquid immiscible ihlakazwa kwenye ngendlela yeengqungquthela ezintle (amaconsi okanye i-crystals yamanzi). I-emulsifier, eluhlobo lwe-surfactant, ibalulekile ekuzinziseni le nkqubo ye-thermodynamically engazinzanga ngokunciphisa amandla ahlangeneyo. Isigaba esikhoyo kwifom ye-droplet kwi-emulsion ibizwa ngokuba yi-dispersed phase (okanye isigaba sangaphakathi), ngelixa isigaba esenza umgca oqhubekayo sibizwa ngokuba yi-dispersion medium (okanye isigaba sangaphandle).

① Ii-Emulsifiers kunye ne-Emulsions

I-emulsions eqhelekileyo idla ngokubandakanya isigaba esinye njengamanzi okanye isisombululo esinamanzi, kunye nesinye njengento ephilayo, njengeoli okanye i-wax. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-dispersion yabo, i-emulsions ingahlelwa njengamanzi-oyile (W / O) apho ioli ihlakazwa khona emanzini, okanye i-oyile emanzini (O / W) apho amanzi achithwa kwioli. Ngaphezu koko, ii-emulsions ezintsonkothileyo ezifana ne-W/O/W okanye i-O/W/O zinokubakho. I-Emulsifiers izinzisa i-emulsions ngokunciphisa i-tension interfacial kunye nokwenza i-monomolecular membranes. Isifanisi se-emulsifier kufuneka sibhengeze okanye siqokelele kumdibaniso ukuthoba uxinezeleko oluphakathi kobuso kunye nokukhupha iintlawulo kumathontsi, ukuvelisa i-electrostatic repulsion, okanye yenze ifilim ekhuselayo ye-viscosity ephezulu ejikeleze amasuntswana. Ngenxa yoko, izinto ezisetyenziswa njenge-emulsifiers kufuneka zibe namaqela e-amphiphilic, anokuthi abonelele ngee-surfactants.

② Iindlela zokuLungisa i-Emulsion kunye nezinto ezichaphazela ukuzinza

Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokulungiselela i-emulsions: iindlela zoomatshini zisasaza ulwelo lube ngamasuntswana amancinane kolunye ulwelo, ngelixa indlela yesibini ibandakanya ukunyibilikisa ulwelo kwimo yemolekyuli kwenye kwaye kubangele ukuba zidityaniswe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuzinza kwe-emulsion kubhekisela ekukwazini ukuchasana nokuhlanganiswa kwee-particle aggregation ekhokelela ekuhlukaneni kwesigaba. I-Emulsions ziinkqubo ezingazinzanga ze-thermodynamically ezinamandla aphezulu akhululekile, ngoko ukuzinza kwazo kubonisa ixesha elifunekayo ukufikelela kwi-equilibrium, oko kukuthi, ixesha elithathayo ukuba ulwelo luhlukane ne-emulsion. Xa i-alcohols ezinamafutha, i-fatty acids, kunye nee-amines ezinamafutha zikhona kwifilimu ye-interfacial, amandla e-membrane ayanda kakhulu ngenxa yokuba iimolekyuli ze-polar organic zenza ii-complexes kwi-adsorbed layer, iqinisa i-membrane ye-interfacial.

Ii-emulsifiers ezenziwe ngee-surfactants ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zibizwa ngokuba zi-emulsifiers ezixubeneyo. I-emulsifiers exubeneyo i-adsorb kwi-interface ye-oyile yamanzi, kwaye intsebenziswano ye-molecular inokwenza ii-complexes ezinciphisa kakhulu ukuxinezeleka kobuso, ukwandisa inani le-adsorbate kunye nokwenza i-denser, i-membrane yobuso eyomeleleyo.

Amathontsi asebenza ngombane achaphazela kakhulu uzinzo lwe-emulsion. Kwii-emulsions ezizinzileyo, amaconsi ahlala ephethe intlawulo yombane. Xa kusetyenziswa i-ionic emulsifiers, isiphelo se-hydrophobic ye-ionic surfactants ifakwe kwisigaba seoli, ngelixa isiphelo se-hydrophilic sihlala kwisigaba samanzi, sinikezela intlawulo kumaconsi. Njengemirhumo phakathi kwamathontsi abangela ukuchasa kwaye athintele ukuhlangana, okwandisa uzinzo. Ke, okukhona ukuxinana kwee-ion ze-emulsifier ezibhengezwa kumathontsi, kokukhona ukuchasa kwazo kuphezulu kwaye kuphezulu uzinzo lwe-emulsion.

I-viscosity ye-dispersion medium nayo ichaphazela ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. Ngokubanzi, i-viscosity mediums ephezulu iphucula uzinzo kuba zomelele zithintela intshukumo ye-Brownian yamathontsi, icotha ukubakho kokungqubana. Izinto ezinobunzima obuphezulu bemolekyuli ezinyibilikayo kwi-emulsion zinokunyusa i-viscosity ephakathi kunye nokuzinza. Ukongeza, izinto ezinobunzima obuphezulu bemolekyuli zinokwenza i-membrane eyomeleleyo yobuso, ukuzinzisa ngakumbi i-emulsion. Kwezinye iimeko, ukongeza iipowder eziqinileyo zinokuzinzisa ngokufanayo i-emulsions. Ukuba amasuntswana aqinileyo amanziswe ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi kwaye anokumanziswa yioyile, aya kugcinwa kujongano lwe-oyile yamanzi. Umgubo oqinileyo uzinzisa i-emulsion ngokuphucula ifilimu njengoko idibana kujongano, kakhulu njengee-adsorbed surfactants.

I-surfactants inokuphucula kakhulu ukunyibilika kweekhompawundi eziphilayo ezinganyibilikiyo okanye zinyibilike kancinane emanzini emva kokuba iimicelles zenzekile kwisisombululo. Ngeli xesha, isisombululo sibonakala sicacile, kwaye obu buchule bubizwa ngokuba yi-solubilization. I-surfactants enokukhuthaza i-solubilization ibizwa ngokuba yi-solubilizers, ngelixa i-organic compounds i-solubilized ibizwa ngokuba yi-solubilates.

08 Ugwebu

Ugwebu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zokuhlanjwa. Igwebu libhekisa kwinkqubo yokusasazwa kwerhasi esasazwe kulwelo okanye eqinileyo, enerhasi njengenqanaba elisasaziweyo kunye nolwelo okanye oluqinileyo njengolwelo olusasazwayo, olwaziwa njengogwebu olulwelo okanye ugwebu oluqinileyo, olufana neeplastiki zogwebu, iglasi egwebu, kunye nekhonkrithi yogwebu.

(1) Ukwenziwa kogwebu

Igama elithi amagwebu libhekisa kwingqokelela yamaqamza omoya ahlulwe ziifilimu ezingamanzi. Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu woxinaniso phakathi kwerhasi (isigaba esasasazwayo) kunye nolwelo (i-dispersion medium), kunye ne-viscosity ephantsi yolwelo, amaqamu erhasi aphakama ngokukhawuleza phezulu. Ukubunjwa kwe-Foam kubandakanya ukudibanisa umthamo omkhulu wegesi kulwelo; amaqamza emva koko abuyele ngokukhawuleza kumphezulu, enze i-aggregate yamaqamza omoya ahlulwe yifilim encinci yolwelo. Igwebu lineempawu ezimbini ezahlukileyo zemopholoji: okokuqala, amaqamza erhasi ahlala ecinga ukumila kwepolyhedral kuba ifilimu elulwelo olucekethekileyo ekudibaneni kwamaqamza ithande ukuba bhityile, ekugqibeleni ikhokelele ekugqabhukeni kweqamu. Okwesibini, ulwelo olusulungekileyo alukwazi ukwenza ugwebu oluzinzileyo; ubuncinane amacandelo amabini kufuneka abe khona ukuze enze i-foam. Isisombululo se-surfactant yinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokwenza amagwebu amandla ayo okugwebu adityaniswe nezinye iimpawu zayo. Ii-surfactants ezinesakhono esilungileyo sokuntywila zibizwa ngokuba zii-agent ezinegwebu. Nangona iiarhente ezinogwebu zibonisa ukukwazi ukwenza ugwebu olulungileyo, ugwebu eziluvelisayo alunakuhlala ixesha elide, oko kuthetha ukuba uzinzo lwazo aluqinisekiswanga. Ukuphucula ukuzinza kwegwebu, izinto ezomeleza uzinzo zingongezwa; ezi zibizwa ngokuba zizinzisi, ezinezinzisi eziqhelekileyo eziquka i-lauryl diethanolamine kunye neeoksidi ze-dodecyl dimethyl amine.

(2) Ukuzinza kwegwebu

I-Foam yinkqubo engazinzanga ye-thermodynamically; ukuqhubela phambili kwayo kwendalo kukhokelela ekugqabhukeni, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe indawo yolwelo ngokubanzi kunye nokuncipha kwamandla asimahla. Inkqubo yokukhupha amagwebu ibandakanya ukucuthwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwefilim engamanzi eyahlula irhasi de kubekho ukugqabhuka. Iqondo lokuzinza kwe-foam liphenjelelwa ngokuyinhloko ngumlinganiselo wokukhupha amanzi kunye namandla efilimu yolwelo. Izinto ezinempembelelo ziquka:

① Ukuxinezeleka komphezulu: Ukusuka kwimbono enamandla, ukuxinezeleka okuphantsi komphezulu kuthanda ukwenziwa kogwebu kodwa akuqinisekisi uzinzo lwegwebu. Ukucinezeleka komphezulu osezantsi kubonisa umahluko omncinci woxinzelelo, okhokelela kumanzi acothayo kunye nokujiya kwefilimu yolwelo, zombini ezilungele uzinzo.

② I-Surface Viscosity: Eyona nto iphambili ekuzinzeni kwe-foam ngamandla efilimu yolwelo, ngokuyinhloko igqitywe ngokuqina kwefilimu ye-adsorption ye-surface adsorption, elinganiswa ne-viscosity yomhlaba. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba izisombululo ezinobuso obuphezulu be-viscosity zivelisa amagwebu ahlala ixesha elide ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwemolekyuli ephuculweyo kwifilimu ebhengezwayo eyandisa kakhulu amandla enwebu.

③ Isisombululo seViscosity: I-viscosity ephezulu kulwelo ngokwalo icothisa ukutsalwa kolwelo olusuka kwinwebu, ngaloo ndlela yandisa ubomi befilimu elulwelo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukugqabhuka, iphucula uzinzo lwegwebu.

④ Uxinzelelo loMphezulu "Ukulungisa" Isenzo: I-surfactants adsorbed kwi-membrane inokuchasana nokwandiswa okanye ukucutha komphezulu wefilimu; oku kubizwa ngokuba linyathelo lokulungisa. Xa i-surfactants ibhengeza ifilimu yolwelo kwaye yandise indawo yayo ephezulu, oku kunciphisa ukuxinana kwe-surfactant kumphezulu kwaye kwandisa ukuxinana komphezulu; ngokuchaseneyo, ukufinyela kukhokelela kuxinzelelo olwandisiweyo lwe-surfactant kumphezulu kwaye emva koko kunciphisa ukuxinezeleka komphezulu.

⑤ Ukusasazwa kwegesi ngefilimu yolwelo: Ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwe-capillary, amaqamza amancinci akholisa ukuba noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangaphakathi xa kuthelekiswa namaqamza amakhulu, akhokelela ekusasazweni kwerhasi ukusuka kumaqamza amancinci ukuya kumakhulu, abangela ukuba amaqamza amancinci anciphe kwaye amakhulu akhule, ekugqibeleni abangele ukuwa kwegwebu. Ukusetyenziswa okungaguqukiyo kwee-surfactants kudala amaqamza afanayo, asasazwe kakuhle kwaye anqande ukukhupha amagwebu. Ngama-surfactants apakishwe ngokuqinileyo kwifilimu yolwelo, ukusasazwa kwegesi kuyathintelwa, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula ukuzinza kwegwebu.

⑥ Impembelelo yeNtlawulo yoMphezulu: Ukuba ifilimu yolwelo logwebu iphethe intlawulo efanayo, imiphezulu emibini iya kugxotha enye kwenye, ithintele ifilimu ekubhitye okanye yophuke. I-Ionic surfactants inokubonelela ngesiphumo sokuzinzisa. Isishwankathelo, amandla efilimu yolwelo yinto ebalulekileyo emisela ukuzinza kwegwebu. Izinto ezisebenza njengeejenti ezinogwebu kunye nezizinzisi kufuneka zenze iimolekyuli ezipakishwe ngokusondeleyo kumphezulu, njengoko oku kuchaphazela kakhulu ukudibana kwemolekyuli yobuso, kwandisa amandla efilim engaphezulu kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ulwelo ukuba lungampompozi lusuka kwifilimu engummelwane, lwenza uzinzo logwebu lufikeleleke ngakumbi.

(3) Ukutshatyalaliswa kweFoam

Umgaqo osisiseko wokutshatyalaliswa kwe-foam uquka ukuguqula iimeko ezivelisa i-foam okanye ukuphelisa izinto zokuzinzisa i-foam, ezikhokelela kwiindlela zokunciphisa umzimba kunye neekhemikhali. I-Physical defoaming igcina ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zesisombululo se-foamy ngelixa iguqula iimeko ezifana nokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, ukushisa, okanye utshintsho loxinzelelo, kunye nonyango lwe-ultrasonic, zonke iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuphelisa i-foam. I-Chemical defoaming ibhekisela ekongezwa kwezinto ezithile ezisebenzisana ne-agent e-foaming ukunciphisa amandla efilimu yolwelo ngaphakathi kwe-foam, ukunciphisa ukuzinza kwe-foam kunye nokufezekisa ukukhupha amagwebu. Ezo zinto zibizwa ngokuba zii-defoamers, uninzi lwazo zii-surfactants. Ii-Defoamers zihlala zinesakhono esibonakalayo sokunciphisa ukuxinezeleka komphezulu kwaye zinokubhengeza ngokulula kumphezulu, ngonxibelelwano olubuthathaka phakathi kweeathom, ngaloo ndlela zenza ulwakhiwo olulungelelanisiweyo lwemolekyuli. Iintlobo ze-Defoamer ziyahlukahluka, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo zi-nonionic surfactants, kunye ne-alcohol e-branched, i-fatty acids, i-fatty acid esters, i-polyamides, i-phosphates, kunye ne-oyile ye-silicone esetyenziswa njenge-defoamers egqwesileyo.

(4) Igwebu kunye nokuCoca

Isixa se-foam asihambelani ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokusebenza kokucoca; amagwebu ngaphezulu akuthethi ukucoca ngcono. Ngokomzekelo, i-nonionic surfactants inokuvelisa i-foam encinci kunesepha, kodwa inokuba namandla okucoca aphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezithile, i-foam inokunceda ukususwa kokungcola; umzekelo, i-foam ephuma ekuhlambeni izitya inceda ekuthwaleni igrisi, ngelixa ukucoca iikhaphethi kuvumela i-foam ukususa ubumdaka kunye nokungcola okuqinileyo. Ngaphezu koko, i-foam ingabonakalisa ukusebenza kwe-detergent; Amafutha anamafutha amaninzi ahlala ethintela ukwakheka kweqamza, nto leyo ebangela ukungabikho kogwebu okanye ukuncipha kogwebu olukhoyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukusebenza okuphantsi kwesicoci. Ukongezelela, i-foam inokusebenza njengesalathisi sokucoceka kokuhlanjululwa, njengoko amanqanaba e-foam emanzini okuhlamba ahlala ehla ngokuxinana kwe-detergent.

09 Inkqubo yokuhlamba

Ukuthetha ngokubanzi, ukuhlamba yinkqubo yokususa amacandelo angafunekiyo kwinto ehlanjululwayo ukufezekisa injongo ethile. Ngokwemigaqo eqhelekileyo, ukuhlamba kubhekisela ekususweni kokungcola ebusweni bomthwali. Ngexesha lokuhlamba, izinto ezithile zeekhemikhali (ezifana ne-detergents) zenza buthathaka okanye ziphelise ukusebenzisana phakathi kokungcola kunye nomthwali, ukuguqula ibhondi phakathi kokungcola kunye nomphathiswa kwikhonkco phakathi kokungcola kunye ne-detergent, evumela ukuhlukana kwabo. Ngenxa yokuba izinto eziza kucocwa kunye nobumdaka obufuna ukususwa bunokwahluka kakhulu, ukuhlamba yinkqubo enzima, enokuthi yenziwe lula kubudlelwane obulandelayo:

Umthwali • Ukungcola + Isicoci = Umthwali + Ukungcola • Isicoci. Inkqubo yokuhlamba inokohlulwa ngokubanzi ibe ngamanqanaba amabini:

1. Ukungcola kuhlukaniswe kumphathiswa phantsi kwesenzo se-detergent;

2. Ukungcola okwahlukileyo kuchithwa kwaye kumiswe phakathi. Inkqubo yokuhlamba iyabuyiselwa umva, oku kuthetha ukuba ukungcola okuchithachithiweyo okanye okuxhonyiweyo kunokubanakho ukuphinda kuhlaliswe kwinto ecociweyo. Ke, ii-detergents ezisebenzayo azidingi nje ukukwazi ukukhupha ubumdaka kumthuthi kodwa kunye nokusabalalisa nokumisa ukungcola, ukunqanda ukuba ungaphinde uhlale phantsi.

(1) Iintlobo zoBumdaka

Nokuba into enye inokuqokelela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukwakheka, kunye nezixa zobumdaka ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo wosetyenziso. Ukungcola okune-oyile kuqulathe ikakhulu ioyile yezilwanyana nezityalo ezahlukeneyo kunye neoyile yeeminerali (njenge-oyile ekrwada, i-oyile yesibaso, itela yamalahle, njl. njl.); ubumdaka obuqinileyo bubandakanya izinto ezinjengomsizi, uthuli, umhlwa, kunye nekhabhoni emnyama. Ngokuphathelele ukungcola kwempahla, inokuvela kwiimfihlo zabantu ezifana nokubila, i-sebum, kunye negazi; amabala anxulumene nokutya njengeziqhamo okanye amabala e-oyile kunye nezinongo; iintsalela ezivela kwizinto zokuthambisa ezifana ne-lipstick kunye ne-nail polish; izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezinjengomsi, uthuli, nomhlaba; kunye namabala angaphezulu njenge-inki, iti, kunye nepeyinti. Olu hlobo lokungcola lunokwahlulwa ngokubanzi lube luqilima, ulwelo kunye neentlobo ezikhethekileyo.

① Ukungcola okuqinileyo: Imizekelo eqhelekileyo ibandakanya i-soot, udaka, kunye namasuntswana othuli, uninzi lwawo luvame ukuba neentlawulo-ezihlala zihlawuliswa kakubi-ezibambelela ngokulula kwizinto ze-fibrous. Ubumdaka obuqinileyo ngokwesiqhelo abunyibiliki kangako emanzini kodwa bunokusasazeka kwaye buxhonywe kwizicoci. Amasuntswana amancinci kuno-0.1μm anokuba ngumngeni ngakumbi ukuwasusa.

② Ukungcola kolwelo: Oku kubandakanya izinto ezinamafutha anyibilikayo kwi-oyile, ezibandakanya ioyile yezilwanyana, i-acids enamafutha, i-alcohols enamafutha, i-oyile yamaminerali, kunye neeoksidi zazo. Ngelixa i-oyile yezilwanyana kunye nemifuno kunye ne-fatty acids inokusabela kunye ne-alkalis ukwenza iisepha, i-alcohols ezinamafutha kunye ne-oyile ye-mineral ayifaki i-saponification kodwa inokuchithwa yi-alcohols, i-ethers, kunye ne-organic hydrocarbons, kwaye inokuthi ifakwe emulsified kwaye ihlakazwe ngezisombululo zokucoca. Ukungcola okune-oyile ngokuqhelekileyo kubambelela ngokuqinileyo kwizinto ezinobumba ngenxa yokusebenzisana okunamandla.

③ Ukungcola okuKhethekileyo: Olu didi luneprotheyini, isitatshi, igazi, kunye nezinto eziphuma ebantwini ezifana nokubila kunye nomchamo, kunye neziqhamo kunye nejusi yeti. Ezi zixhobo zihlala zibophelela ngokuqinileyo kwiintsinga ngokusebenzisana kweekhemikhali, zibenza kube nzima ukuzihlamba. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokungcola azifane zibekho ngokuzimeleyo, endaweni yoko zixubana kunye kwaye zibambelele ngokudibeneyo kumphezulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, phantsi kweempembelelo zangaphandle, ukungcola kunokukhupha i-oxidize, ukubola, okanye ukubola, ukuvelisa iindlela ezintsha zokungcola.

(2) Ukubambelela kokungcola

Ukungcola kubambelela kwizinto ezifana nempahla kunye nolusu ngenxa yentsebenziswano ethile phakathi kwento kunye nokungcola. Amandla ancamathelayo phakathi kokungcola kunye nento inokubangelwa kukunamathela ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwekhemikhali.

① Ukuncamathela ngokwasemzimbeni: Ukuncamathela kobumdaka njengothuli, uthuli, nodaka ikakhulu kubandakanya ukusebenzisana okubuthathaka komzimba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi ntlobo zokungcola zinokususwa ngokulula ngenxa yokubambelela kwabo buthathaka, okubangelwa ubukhulu becala kumatshini okanye amandla e-electrostatic.

A: Mechanical Adhesion**: Oku kubhekisa kukungcola okuqinileyo njengothuli okanye isanti ebambelela ngeendlela zoomatshini, ekulula kakhulu ukuyisusa, nangona amasuntswana amancinane angaphantsi kwe-0.1μm kunzima ukuwacoca.

B: I-Electrostatic Adhesion**: Oku kubandakanya amasuntswana amdaka ahlawuliweyo asebenzisana nezinto ezichajiweyo ezichaseneyo; ngokwesiqhelo, imathiriyeli yefibrous ithwala imirhumo engalunganga, ibavumela ukuba batsale abaxhasi abahlawuliswa kakuhle njengeetyuwa ezithile. Amanye amasuntswana ahlawuliswa kakubi asenokuthi aqokelele kule micu ngokusebenzisa iibhulorho ze-ionic ezenziwe ngama-ion alungileyo kwisisombululo.

② I-Chemical Adhesion: Oku kubhekisela kukungcola okubambelela kwinto ngokusebenzisa iibhondi zekhemikhali. Umzekelo, ubumdaka bepolar obuqinileyo okanye izinto ezifana nomhlwa zithande ukubambelela ngokuqinileyo ngenxa yebhondi yeekhemikhali ezenziwe ngamaqela asebenzayo anje nge-carboxyl, i-hydroxyl, okanye amaqela e-amine akhoyo kwizinto ezinefiber. Ezi zibophelelo zidala ukusebenzisana okunamandla, okwenza kube nzima ukususa ukungcola okunjalo; unyango olukhethekileyo lunokufuneka ukucoca ngokufanelekileyo. Iqondo lokubambelela kokungcola kuxhomekeke kuzo zombini iipropati zokungcola ngokwazo kunye nezo zomphezulu obambelela kuzo.

(3) Iindlela zokuSuswa koBumdaka

Injongo yokuhlamba kukuphelisa ukungcola. Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zokucoca ukwenza buthathaka okanye ukuphelisa ukuncamathela phakathi kokungcola kunye nezinto ezihlanjiweyo, zincediswa ngamandla omatshini (njengokukhuhla ngesandla, ukuhlamba umatshini wokuhlanjwa, okanye impembelelo yamanzi), ekugqibeleni ikhokelele ekwahlukaneni kobumdaka.

① Indlela yokuSuswa koBumdaka obuLwaliweyo

A: Ubumanzi: Ukungcola okuninzi okumanzi kunamafutha kwaye kudla ngokumanzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo zefibrous, zenze ifilim enamafutha phezu komphezulu wazo. Inyathelo lokuqala ekuhlanjweni yisenzo sesicoci esibangela ukumanzisa komphezulu.
B: I-Rollup Mechanism yokususwa kwe-Oli: Inyathelo lesibini lokususwa kokungcola kolwelo lenzeka ngenkqubo yokuqengqeleka. Ukungcola okungalwelo okusasazeka njengefilimu kumphezulu ngokuqhubekayo ukuya kutsho kumathontsi ngenxa yolwelo lokuvasa ukumanzisa okukhethekileyo kumphezulu wefibrous, ekugqibeleni kufakwe indawo yolwelo lokuvasa.

② Inkqubo yokususwa kobumdaka obuqinileyo

Ngokungafaniyo nokungcola kolwelo, ukususwa kobumdaka obuqinileyo kuxhomekeke kubuchule bokuhlamba ulwelo lokumanzisa omabini amasuntswana amdaka kunye nomphezulu wezinto ezithwalayo. I-adsorption ye-surfactants kwindawo yokungcola okuqinileyo kunye nomthwali kunciphisa amandla abo okusebenzisana, ngaloo ndlela ehlisa amandla okubambelela kwiincinci zokungcola, okwenza kube lula ukususa. Ngaphaya koko, ii-surfactants, ngakumbi ii-ionic surfactants, zinokunyusa amandla ombane wobumdaka obuqinileyo kunye nemathiriyeli engaphezulu, iququzelela ukususwa okuthe kratya.

I-Nonionic surfactants ikholisa ukuthengisa kwindawo eqinileyo ehlawuliswayo ngokubanzi kwaye inokwenza umaleko obalulekileyo we-adsorbed, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuhlaliswa ngokutsha kobumdaka. I-Cationic surfactants, nangona kunjalo, inokunciphisa amandla ombane wokungcola kunye nomphezulu ophetheyo, okhokelela ekunciphiseni ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokuthintela ukususwa kokungcola.

③ Ukususwa koBumdaka obuKhethekileyo

Ii-detergents eziqhelekileyo zinokuzabalaza ngamabala anenkani avela kwiiprotheni, isitatshi, igazi, kunye nokukhuselwa komzimba. Ii-Enzymes ezifana ne-protease zinokususa ngokufanelekileyo amabala eprotheyini ngokwaphula iiproteni zibe zii-amino acids ezinyibilikayo okanye iipeptides. Ngokufanayo, isitashi sinokubola kwiswekile nge-amylase. I-Lipases inokunceda ukubola ukungcola kwe-triacylglycerol ekudla ngokuba nzima ukuyisusa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo. Amabala aphuma kwijusi yeziqhamo, iti, okanye i-inki ngamanye amaxesha ifuna i-oxidizing agents okanye i-reductants, esabelana namaqela avelisa umbala ukuwathoba abe ngamaqhekeza anyibilikayo emanzini.

(4) Inkqubo yokuCoca

Amanqaku akhankanywe ngasentla abhekiselele ikakhulu ekuhlambeni ngamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokwahlukahlukana kwamalaphu, ezinye izinto zisenokungaphenduli kakuhle ekuhlanjweni kwamanzi, okukhokelela kuguquko, ukufiphala kombala, njl njl. Imicu emininzi yendalo iyanda xa imanzi kwaye icutheka ngokulula, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho olungathandekiyo lwesakhiwo. Ke, ukucocwa okomileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa izinyibilikisi zendalo, kudla ngokukhethwa ezi laphu.

Ukucoca okomileyo kuthambile xa kuthelekiswa nokuhlamba okumanzi, njengoko kunciphisa isenzo soomatshini esingonakalisa iimpahla. Ukususwa kokungcola okusebenzayo ekucoceni okomileyo, ubumdaka buhlelwa ngokweendidi ezintathu eziphambili:

① Ukungcola okunyibilikayo kwe-oyile: Oku kubandakanya ioyile kunye namafutha, anyibilika ngokulula kwizinyibilikisi zokucoca ezomileyo.

② Ukungcola okunyibilikayo ngamanzi: Olu hlobo lunokunyibilika emanzini kodwa lungabikho kwi-solvents ezomileyo zokucoca, ezibandakanya iityuwa ze-inorganic, isitatshi, kunye neeprotheni, ezinokuthi zikhanye xa amanzi ephuphuma.

③ Ukungcola okungeyo-Oli- okanye ukunyibilika ngaManzi: Oku kubandakanya izinto ezifana nekhabhoni emnyama kunye nesilicate zesinyithi ezinganyibilikiyo nokuba kuphakathi.

Uhlobo ngalunye lokungcola lufuna izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokususwa ngempumelelo ngexesha lokucoca okomileyo. Ubumdaka obunyibilikayo kwi-oyile bususwa ngendlela kusetyenziswa izinyibilikisi eziphilayo ngenxa yokunyibilika kwazo okugqwesileyo kwizinyibilikisi ezingapholiyo. Ukufumana amabala anyibilikayo emanzini, amanzi aneleyo kufuneka abekho kwiarhente yokucoca okomileyo kuba amanzi abalulekile ekususeni ubumdaka obusebenzayo. Ngelishwa, kuba amanzi ane-solubility encinci kwii-agent zokucoca ezomileyo, ii-surfactants zihlala zongezwa ukunceda ukudibanisa amanzi.

Ii-surfactants zongeza umthamo we-arhente yokucoca emanzini kwaye zinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukunyibilikiswa kobumdaka obunyibilikayo emanzini ngaphakathi kwee-micelles. Ukongezelela, i-surfactants inokuthintela ukungcola ekwenzeni iidiphozithi ezintsha emva kokuhlamba, ukuphucula ukusebenza kokucoca. Ukongezwa okuncinci kwamanzi kubalulekile ekususeni oku kungcola, kodwa izixa ezigqithisileyo zingakhokelela ekugqwethekeni kwelaphu, ngaloo ndlela kufuneke umxholo wamanzi olungeleleneyo kwizisombululo zokucoca ezomileyo.

(5) Izinto eziPhembelela iSetyenziso lokuhlamba

I-adsorption ye-surfactants kwi-interface kunye nokunciphisa isiphumo soxinzelelo oluphakathi kobuso kubalulekile ekususeni ukungcola okungamanzi okanye okuqinileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuhlamba kuntsonkothile ngokwendalo, kuphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi kuzo zonke iintlobo ezifanayo zesicoci. Ezi zinto zibandakanya ukugxilwa kwe-detergent, ubushushu, iipropati zokungcola, iintlobo zefayibha, kunye nesakhiwo selaphu.

① Ugxininiso lwee-Surfactants: Iimicelles ezenziwe zii-surfactants zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlanjweni. Ubuchule bokuhlamba bonyuka ngokumangalisayo nje ukuba ugxininiso ludlule kugxininiso olubalulekileyo lwe-micelle (CMC), kungoko izicoci kufuneka zisetyenziswe kwindawo eziphezulu kune-CMC yokuhlamba okusebenzayo. Nangona kunjalo, ugxininiso lwesicoci esingaphezulu kwe-CMC luvelisa imbuyekezo enciphayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ugxininiso olugqithisileyo lungabi yimfuneko.

② Impembelelo yoBubushushu: Ubushushu bunempembelelo enkulu ekucoceni ukusebenza kakuhle. Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aququzelela ukususwa kokungcola; nangona kunjalo, ukushisa okugqithisileyo kunokuba nemiphumo emibi. Ukunyusa amaqondo obushushu kudla ngokunceda ukusasazwa kokungcola kwaye kunokubangela ukuba ubumdaka obune-oyile bukhuphe imifuziselo ngokulula. Ukanti, kumalaphu alukwe ngokuqinileyo, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu okwenza iintsinga zidumbe kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokususa.

Ukuguquguquka kwamaqondo obushushu kukwachaphazela ukunyibilika kwe-surfactant, i-CMC, kunye nokubalwa kwe-micelle, ngaloo ndlela kube nefuthe lokucoca ngokusulungekileyo. Kwii-surfactants ezininzi ze-long-chain, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi anciphisa ukunyibilika, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphantsi kwe-CMC yabo; ngoko, ukufudumala okufanelekileyo kunokufuneka ukuze usebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Iimpembelelo zobushushu kwi-CMC kunye nee-micelles ziyahluka kwi-ionic xa kuthelekiswa ne-nonionic surfactants: ukwandisa iqondo lobushushu kudla ngokunyusa i-CMC yee-ionic surfactants, ngaloo ndlela ifuna uhlengahlengiso logxininiso.

③ Ugwebu: Kukho uluvo olungelulo oluqhelekileyo oludibanisa isakhono sogwebu kunye nokusebenza kokuhlamba-ugwebu oluninzi alulingani nokuhlanjwa okuphezulu. Ubungqina obunamandla bucebisa ukuba izicoci ezinogwebu oluphantsi zinokusebenza ngokulinganayo. Nangona kunjalo, ugwebu lunokunceda ukususwa kobumdaka kwizicelo ezithile, ezinje ngokuhlamba izitya, apho ugwebu lunceda ukususa igrisi okanye ekucoceni ikhaphethi, apho luphakamisa khona ukungcola. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho begwebu bunokubonisa ukuba ngaba ii-detergents ziyasebenza; igrisi egqithisileyo inokuthintela ukubunjwa kwegwebu, ngelixa ukuncipha kwegwebu kubonisa ukuxinana kwe-detergent.

④ Uhlobo lweFayibha kunye neePropati zeTela: Ngaphandle kolwakhiwo lweekhemikhali, ukubonakala kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweefayili kuchaphazela ukunamathela kokungcola kunye nobunzima bokususa. Iintsinga ezinezakhiwo ezirhabaxa okanye ezisicaba, njengoboya okanye umqhaphu, zikholisa ukubambisa ubumdaka ngokulula kunemicu egudileyo. Amalaphu alukwe ngokusondeleyo angaqale axhathise ukufumba kokungcola kodwa anokuthintela ukuhlanjwa okusebenzayo ngenxa yokufikelela okulinganiselweyo kubumdaka obuvalelekileyo.

⑤ Ukuqina kwaManzi: Ukujoliswa kweCa²⁺, Mg²⁺, kunye nezinye iiyoni zesinyithi kunempembelelo enkulu kwiziphumo zokuvasa, ngakumbi kwi-anionic surfactants, enokwenza iityuwa ezinganyibilikiyo ezinciphisa ukusebenza kokucoca. Emanzini anzima nangona i-surfactant eyaneleyo yoxinaniso, ukucoca ukusebenza kuyawa kufutshane xa kuthelekiswa namanzi adibeneyo. Ngowona msebenzi uphezulu we-surfactant, i-concentration ye-Ca²⁺ kufuneka incitshiswe ibe ngaphantsi kwe-1×10⁻⁶ mol/L (CaCO₃ ngaphantsi kwe-0.1 mg/L), isoloko ifuna ukuqukwa kwezinto ezithambisa amanzi kwimixube yesicoci.