Uluhlu lweziqulatho zeli nqaku:
1. Uphuhliso lweAmino Acids
2. Iimpawu zesakhiwo
3. Ukuqulunqwa kweekhemikhali
4.Ukuhlelwa
5. Ukudibanisa
6. Iimpawu zePhysicochemical
7. Ubutyhefu
8. Umsebenzi we-Antimicrobial
9. Iimpawu zeRheological
10. Izicelo kushishino lwezithambiso
11. Izicelo kwizithambiso zemihla ngemihla
Ii-Amino Acid Surfactants (AAS)ziklasi ze-surfactants ezenziwe ngokudibanisa amaqela e-hydrophobic kunye ne-Amino Acids enye okanye ngaphezulu. Kule meko, i-Amino Acids inokuthi yenziwe okanye ithathwe kwiprotheni ye-hydrolysates okanye imithombo efanayo ehlaziyiweyo. Eli phepha lifaka iinkcukacha zeendlela ezininzi ezikhoyo zokwenziwa kwe-AAS kunye nomphumo weendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiipropati ze-physicochemical zemveliso yokugqibela, kubandakanywa ukunyibilika, ukuzinza kwe-dispersion, ubuthi kunye ne-biodegradability. Njengeklasi ye-surfactants ekunyuseni imfuno, ukuguquguquka kwe-AAS ngenxa yesakhiwo sabo esiguquguqukayo sinika inani elikhulu lamathuba orhwebo.
Ngenxa yokuba i-surfactants isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-detergents, i-emulsifiers, i-corrosion inhibitors, i-oyile ephakamileyo yokubuyisela i-oyile kunye namayeza, abaphandi abazange bayeke ukunikela ingqalelo kwii-surfactants.
I-surfactants yizona mveliso zemichiza ezimele kakhulu ezidliwa ngobuninzi bemihla ngemihla emhlabeni jikelele kwaye zibe nefuthe elibi kwindawo yasemanzini.Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwee-surfactants zemveli kunokuba nefuthe elibi kokusingqongileyo.
Namhlanje, ukungabikho kwetyhefu, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-biocompatibility ziphantse zibaluleke kakhulu kubathengi njengomsebenzi kunye nokusebenza kwee-surfactants.
I-Biosurfactants zii-surfactants ezigcinakeleyo ngokusingqongileyo ezenziwe ngokwendalo ziintsholongwane ezinje ngebhaktheriya, umngundo, kunye negwele, okanye ezikhutshelwe ngaphandle kweseli.Ke ngoko, ii-biosurfactants zinokulungiswa ngokuyilwa kweemolekyuli ukulinganisa ubume bendalo be-amphiphilic, njenge-phospholipids, i-alkyl glycosides kunye ne-acyl Amino Acids.
I-Amino Acid surfactants (AAS)zezinye zezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-surfactants, ezidla ngokuveliswa kwizilwanyana okanye kwimathiriyeli ekrwada evela kwezolimo. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, i-AAS iye yatsala umdla omkhulu kwizazinzulu njengabaqaphi benoveli, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba zinokudityaniswa kwizixhobo ezivuselelekayo, kodwa nangenxa yokuba ii-AAS zinokonakala ngokulula kwaye zineemveliso ezingeyongozi, nto leyo ezenza zikhuseleke ngakumbi. okusingqongileyo.
I-AAS inokuchazwa njengeklasi ye-surfactants equkethe i-Amino Acids equkethe amaqela e-Amino Acid (HO 2 C-CHR-NH 2) okanye i-Amino Acid residues (HO 2 C-CHR-NH-). Imimandla esebenzayo ye-2 ye-Amino Acids ivumela ukufunyanwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-surfactants. Iyonke i-20 eqhelekileyo yeProteinogenic Amino Acids iyaziwa ukuba ikhona kwindalo kwaye inoxanduva lwazo zonke iintshukumo zomzimba ekukhuleni nakwimisebenzi yobomi. Bahluke omnye komnye kuphela ngokwe-residu R (Umfanekiso 1, pk a yi-logarithm engalunganga ye-acid dissociation constant yesisombululo). Ezinye zi-non-polar kunye ne-hydrophobic, ezinye zi-polar kunye ne-hydrophilic, ezinye zisisiseko kwaye ezinye zi-acidic.
Ngenxa yokuba ii-Amino Acids zizikhompawundi ezivuselelekayo, ii-surfactants ezidityaniswe kwii-Amino Acids zikwanesakhono esikhulu sokuzinza kwaye zibe nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ubume obulula kunye nendalo, ubutyhefu obuphantsi kunye nokubola okukhawulezileyo kwe-biodegradability kaninzi kubenza babe phezulu kune-surfactants eqhelekileyo. Ukusebenzisa imathiriyeli ehlaziywayo ekrwada (umzekelo, ii-Amino Acids kunye neoyile yemifuno), i-AAS inokuveliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji kunye neendlela zekhemikhali.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ii-Amino Acids zafunyanwa okokuqala ukuba zisetyenziswe njengenxalenye yokudityaniswa kwee-surfactants.I-AAS yayisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezilondolozo kwimiqulu yeyeza kunye ne-cosmetic.Ukongeza, i-AAS yafunyaniswa ukuba iyasebenza ngokwebhayoloji ngokuchasene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhaktheriya ezibangela izifo, iithumba kunye neentsholongwane. Kwi-1988, ukufumaneka kwe-AAS yexabiso eliphantsi kwavelisa umdla wophando kumsebenzi ongaphezulu. Namhlanje, ngophuhliso lwe-biotechnology, ezinye ii-Amino Acids ziyakwazi ukuthengiswa kumlinganiselo omkhulu ngegwele, nto leyo ebonisa ngokungangqalanga ukuba imveliso ye-AAS ihambelana nokusingqongileyo.
01 Uphuhliso lweeAmino Acids
Kwasebutsheni benkulungwane ye-19, xa i-Amino Acids yendalo yafunyanwa okokuqala, izakhiwo zazo zaqikelelwa ukuba zixabiseke kakhulu - zisebenziseka njengemathiriyeli ekrwada yokulungiswa kwee-amphiphiles. Uphononongo lokuqala kwi-synthesis ye-AAS yabikwa nguBondi kwi-1909.
Kweso sifundo, i-N-acylglycine kunye ne-N-acylalanine zaziswa njengamaqela e-hydrophilic for surfactants. Umsebenzi olandelayo wawubandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kwe-lipoAmino Acids (AAS) usebenzisa i-glycine kunye ne-alanine, kunye noHentrich et al. ipapashe uthotho lweziphumo,kubandakanywa nesicelo sokuqala selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, ekusetyenzisweni kwe-acyl sarcosinate kunye neetyuwa ze-aspartate ze-aspartate njengezinto ezixutywayo kwiimveliso zokucoca indlu (umz. iishampu, izicoci kunye neentlama zamazinyo).Emva koko, abaphandi abaninzi baphanda nge-synthesis kunye neempawu ze-physicochemical ze-acyl Amino Acids. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iqela elikhulu loncwadi lishicilelwe kwi-synthesis, iipropathi, usetyenziso lwamashishini kunye nokubola kwe-biodegradability ye-AAS.
02 iiPropati zoLwakhiwo
I-non-polar hydrophobic fatty chain of AAS inokuhluka kwisakhiwo, ubude bekhonkco kunye nenani.Iyantlukwano yesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu we-AAS uchaza iyantlukwano ebanzi yokwakheka kunye neepropathi zephysicochemical kunye nebhayoloji. Amaqela eentloko ze-AAS aqulunqwe ngee-Amino Acids okanye iipeptides. Umahluko kumaqela eentloko umisela i-adsorption, aggregation kunye nomsebenzi webhayoloji waba bantu bangaphezulu. Amaqela asebenzayo kwiqela lentloko emva koko anqume uhlobo lwe-AAS, kuquka i-cationic, i-anionic, i-nonionic, kunye ne-amphoteric. Indibaniselwano ye-hydrophilic Amino Acids kunye ne-hydrophobic long-chain parts zenza i-amphiphilic structure eyenza i-molecule isebenze kakhulu. Ukongeza, ubukho beeathom ze-asymmetric carbon kwi-molecule kunceda ukwenza iimolekyuli ze-chiral.
03 Ukubunjwa kwemichiza
Zonke iiPeptides kunye neePolypeptides ziimveliso zePolymerization kwezi phantse i-20 α-Proteinogenic α-Amino Acids. Yonke i-20 α-Amino Acids iqulethe iqela elisebenzayo le-carboxylic acid (-COOH) kunye neqela elisebenzayo le-amino (-NH 2), zombini ifakwe kwi-tetrahedral efanayo ye-athomu ye-carbon. I-Amino Acids ihluke omnye komnye ngamaqela ahlukeneyo e-R afakwe kwi-α-carbon (ngaphandle kwe-lycine, apho iqela le-R liyi-hydrogen.) Amaqela e-R anokwahluka kwisakhiwo, ubukhulu kunye nentlawulo (i-acidity, i-alkalinity). Lo mahluko ukwamisela ukunyibilika kweeAmino Acids emanzini.
I-Amino Acids zi-chiral (ngaphandle kwe-glycine) kwaye zisebenza ngokubonakalayo ngokwendalo kuba zineendawo ezine ezahlukeneyo ezidityaniswe kwi-alpha carbon. Ii-Amino Acids zineendlela ezimbini ezinokuhambelana; ziyimifanekiso yesipili engadibaniyo enye kwenye, nangona inani le-L-stereoisomers liphezulu kakhulu. Iqela le-R elikhoyo kwezinye ii-Amino Acids (i-Phenylalanine, iTyrosine kunye ne-Tryptophan) yi-aryl, ekhokelela kwi-UV ephezulu yokufunxa kwi-280 nm. I-acidic α-COOH kunye nesiseko se-α-NH 2 kwi-Amino Acids iyakwazi ukwenza i-ionization, kwaye zombini i-stereoisomers, nokuba ziphi na, zakha ukulingana kwe-ionization eboniswe ngezantsi.
R-COOH ↔R-COO-＋H＋
R-NH3＋↔R-NH2＋H＋
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-ionization equilibrium ngasentla, i-amino acids iqulethe ubuncinane amaqela amabini abuthathaka; nangona kunjalo, iqela le-carboxyl li-acidic kakhulu xa lithelekiswa neqela le-amino eline-protonated. i-pH 7.4, iqela le-carboxyl likhutshiwe ngelixa iqela le-amino likhutshiwe. Ii-amino acids ezinamaqela e-R angena-ionizable angathathi hlangothi ngokombane kule pH kwaye zenze i-zwitterion.
04 Ukuhlelwa
I-AAS ingahlelwa ngokwemiqathango emine, echazwe ngezantsi ngokulandelelana.
4.1 Ngokwemvelaphi
| Ngokwemvelaphi, i-AAS inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo e-2 ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. ① Udidi lweNdalo Ezinye iikhompawundi ezenzeke ngokwemvelo eziqulethe i-amino acids nazo zinamandla okunciphisa ukuxinezeleka komhlaba / ubuso, kwaye ezinye zide zigqithise ukusebenza kwe-glycolipids. Ezi AAS zikwabizwa ngokuba lipopeptides. I-Lipopeptides zikhompawundi ezinobunzima obuphantsi bemolekyuli, zihlala ziveliswa ziintlobo ze-Bacillus.
I-AAS enjalo yohlulwe ngakumbi kwii-subclasses ezi-3:I-surfactin, iturin kunye ne-fengycin.
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| Usapho lweepeptides ezisebenza kumphezulu lubandakanya ukwahluka kwe-heptapeptide yezinto ezahlukeneyo,njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 2a, apho i-C12-C16 i-unsaturated β-hydroxy fatty chain chain idibene ne-peptide. I-peptide esebenzayo phezu komhlaba i-lactone macrocyclic apho i-ring ivaliwe nge-catalysis phakathi kwe-C-terminus ye-β-hydroxy fatty acid kunye ne-peptide. Kwi-subclass ye-iturin, kukho iindidi ezintandathu eziphambili, ezizezi iturin A kunye no-C, i-mycosubtilin kunye ne-bacillomycin D, F kunye ne-L.Kuzo zonke iimeko, i-heptapeptides idibaniswe neentambo ze-C14-C17 ze-β-amino fatty acids (amaketanga anokuthi ahluke). Kwimeko ye-ekurimycins, iqela le-amino kwi-β-position linokwenza i-amide bond kunye ne-C-terminus ngaloo ndlela lenze i-macrocyclic lactam structure.
I-subclass fengycin iqukethe i-fengycin A kunye ne-B, ebizwa ngokuba yi-plipastatin xa i-Tyr9 i-D-iqwalaselwe.I-decapeptide idibaniswe ne-C14 -C18 egcweleyo okanye i-unsaturated β-hydroxy fatty chain chain. Ngokwesakhiwo, i-plipastatin nayo i-lactone ye-macrocyclic, equkethe i-chain chain ye-Tyr kwindawo ye-3 yokulandelelana kwe-peptide kunye nokwenza i-ester bond kunye ne-C-terminal residue, ngaloo ndlela yenza isakhiwo sangaphakathi sendandatho (njengoko kunjalo kwi-Pseudomonas lipopeptides ezininzi).
② Udidi lweSnthetic I-AAS inokuphinda idityaniswe ngokusebenzisa nayiphi na i-acidic, isiseko kunye ne-amino acids engathathi hlangothi. Ii-amino acids eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AAS yi-glutamic acid, i-serine, i-proline, i-aspartic acid, i-glycine, i-arginine, i-alanine, i-leucine, kunye ne-protein hydrolysates. Le subclass ye-surfactants inokulungiswa ngeendlela zekhemikhali, i-enzymatic, kunye ne-chemoenzymatic; nangona kunjalo, ukuveliswa kwe-AAS, i-chemical synthesis inokwenzeka ngakumbi ngokwezoqoqosho. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo ibandakanya i-N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid kunye ne-N-palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid.
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4.2 Ngokusekelwe kwi-aliphatic chain substituents
Ngokusekwe kwi-aliphatic chain substituents, i-amino acid-based surfactants inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezi-2.
Ngokwendawo yendawo ebambeleyo
| ①N-efakwe endaweni ye-AAS Kwi-N-substituted compounds, iqela le-amino litshintshwa liqela le-lipophilic okanye iqela le-carboxyl, elibangela ukulahlekelwa kwesiseko. owona mzekelo ulula we-N-substituted AAS yi-N-acyl amino acids, eyona nto iyi-anionic surfactants. I-n-substituted AAS ine-amide bond eqhotyoshelwe phakathi kwe-hydrophobic kunye ne-hydrophilic parts. I-amide bond inamandla okwenza i-hydrogen bond, eyenza kube lula ukuthotywa kwesi sithambiso kwindawo ene-asidi, ngaloo ndlela isenza ukuba i-biodegradable.
②C-ifakwe endaweni ye-AAS Kwi-C-substituted compounds, ukutshintshwa kwenzeka kwiqela le-carboxyl (nge-amide okanye i-ester bond). Iikhompawundi eziqhelekileyo ezifakwe endaweni ka-C (umz. ii-esters okanye ii-amides) zizinto ezine-cationic surfactants.
③N- kunye ne-C-efakwe endaweni ye-AAS Kolu hlobo lwe-surfactant, omabini amaqela e-amino kunye ne-carboxyl ayinxalenye ye-hydrophilic. Olu hlobo luyi-amphoteric surfactant. |
4.3 Ngokwenani lemisila ye-hydrophobic
Ngokusekelwe kwinani lamaqela entloko kunye nomsila we-hydrophobic, i-AAS inokwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amane. I-straight-chain AAS, i-Gemini (dimer) uhlobo lwe-AAS, uhlobo lwe-Glycerolipid lwe-AAS, kunye ne-bicephalic amphiphilic (Bola) uhlobo lwe-AAS. i-straight-chain surfactants yi-surfactants equkethe i-amino acids kunye nomsila omnye we-hydrophobic (Umfanekiso 3). Uhlobo lwe-Gemini lwe-AAS lunamaqela amabini e-amino acid entloko ye-polar kunye nemisila emibini ye-hydrophobic nge-molecule (Umfanekiso 4). Kolu hlobo lwesakhiwo, ii-AAS ezimbini ezithe tye zidityaniswe kunye ne-spacer kwaye ke zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-dimers. Kwi-Glycerolipid uhlobo lwe-AAS, ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisila emibini ye-hydrophobic ifakwe kwiqela elifanayo lentloko ye-amino acid. Ezi zixhobo zinokuthi zithathwe njenge-analogs ye-monoglycerides, i-diglycerides kunye ne-phospholipids, ngelixa kwi-Bola-uhlobo lwe-AAS, amaqela amabini entloko ye-amino acid adibaniswa ngumsila we-hydrophobic.
4.4 Ngokohlobo lwentloko yeqela
①Cationic AAS
Iqela lentloko yolu hlobo lwe-surfactant inentlawulo efanelekileyo. I-AAS yokuqala ye-cationic yi-ethyl cocoyl arginate, eyi-pyrrolidone carboxylate. Iipropati ezikhethekileyo kunye nezahlukeneyo zesi sixhobo se-surfactant zenza ukuba ibe luncedo kwizibulali ntsholongwane, kwii-antimicrobial agents, antistatic agents, izilungisi zeenwele, kunye nokuba mnene emehlweni kunye nolusu kwaye kulula ukubola. I-Singare kunye ne-Mhatre zenze i-arginine-based cationic AAS kunye nokuvavanya iimpawu zabo ze-physicochemical. Kolu phononongo, babanga izivuno eziphezulu zeemveliso ezifunyenwe kusetyenziswa iimeko zokusabela ze-Schotten-Baumann. Ngokunyuka kobude be-alkyl chain kunye ne-hydrophobicity, umsebenzi we-surfactant we-surfactant ufunyenwe ukwandisa kwaye i-Critical Micelle Concentration (cmc) iyancipha. Enye yiprotein ye-quaternary acyl, edla ngokusetyenziswa njenge-conditioner kwiimveliso zokhathalelo lweenwele.
②Anionic AAS
Kwi-anionic surfactants, iqela lentloko ye-polar ye-surfactant inentlawulo embi. I-Sarcosine (CH 3 -NH-CH 2 -COOH, N-methylglycine), i-amino acid efumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-urchins yolwandle kunye neenkwenkwezi zolwandle, ihambelana neekhemikhali kwi-glycine (NH 2 -CH 2 -COOH,), i-amino acid eyisiseko efunyenweyo. kwiiseli ezanyisayo. -COOH,) inxulumene neekhemikhali kwi-glycine, eyisiseko se-amino acid efumaneka kwiiseli ze-mammalian. Iasidi yeLauric, i-tetradecanoic acid, i-oleic acid kunye ne-halides yazo kunye nee-esters ziqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukwenza i-sarcosinate surfactants. IiSarcosinates ngokwemvelo zinobulali kwaye ke ngoko zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiindawo zokuhlambela umlomo, ishampu, amagwebu okucheba, izithambiso zelanga, izicoci zolusu, kunye nezinye iimveliso zokuthambisa.
Olunye urhwebo lwe-anionic AAS olufumanekayo lubandakanya i-Amisoft CS-22 kunye ne-AmiliteGCK-12, ngamagama orhwebo kwi-sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate kunye ne-potassium N-cocoyl glycinate, ngokulandelanayo. I-Amilite isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-agent ekhupha ugwebu, i-detergent, i-solubilizer, i-emulsifier kunye ne-dispersant, kwaye inezicelo ezininzi kwizinto zokuthambisa, ezifana ne-shampoo, iisepha zokuhlambela, ukuhlamba umzimba, i-toothpastes, izicoci zobuso, iisepha zokucoca, izicoci ze-lens zoqhagamshelwano kunye ne-surfactants yasekhaya. I-Amisoft isetyenziswa njengesicoci solusu esithambileyo kunye nesicoci seenwele, ikakhulu kwizicoci zobuso kunye nomzimba, iibhlokhi zokucoca ezenziweyo, iimveliso zokhathalelo lomzimba, iishampu kunye nezinye iimveliso zokhathalelo lolusu.
③zwitterionic okanye i-amphoteric AAS
Ii-Amphoteric surfactants ziqulathe zombini iziza ezineasidi kunye nezisisiseko kwaye ke ngoko zinokutshintsha intlawulo yazo ngokutshintsha ixabiso le-pH. Kwimidiya ye-alkaline ziziphatha njenge-anionic surfactants, ngelixa kwiindawo ezine-acidic ziziphatha njenge-cationic surfactants kunye nemidiya engathathi hlangothi njenge-amphoteric surfactants. I-Lauryl lysine (LL) kunye ne-alkoxy (2-hydroxypropyl) i-arginine kuphela kwe-amphoteric surfactants eyaziwayo ngokusekelwe kwi-amino acids. I-LL yimveliso ye-condensation ye-lysine kunye ne-lauric acid. Ngenxa yobume bayo be-amphoteric, i-LL ayinyibiliki phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinyibilikisi, ngaphandle kwe-alkaline kakhulu okanye izinyibilikisi ezineasidi. Njengomgubo we-organic, i-LL inoncanyathiso olugqwesileyo kwimiphezulu ye-hydrophilic kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction, inika le surfactant isakhono esigqwesileyo sokuthambisa. I-LL isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-skin creams kunye ne-hair conditioners, kwaye ikwasetyenziswa njenge-lubricant.
④Nonionic AAS
I-Nonionic surfactants ibonakaliswe ngamaqela eentloko ze-polar ngaphandle kweentlawulo ezisemthethweni. ezisibhozo ezintsha ze-ethoxylated nonionic surfactants zalungiswa ngu-Al-Sabagh et al. ukusuka kwi-oyile-enyibilikayo α-amino acids. Kule nkqubo, i-L-phenylalanine (LEP) kunye ne-L-leucine yaqala i-esterified kunye ne-hexadecanol, ilandelwa yi-amidation nge-palmitic acid ukunika i-amide ezimbini kunye neester ezimbini ze-α-amino acids. I-amides kunye ne-esters ziye zenziwa ukusabela kwe-condensation kunye ne-ethylene oxide ukulungisa izinto ezintathu zephenylalanine ezinamanani ahlukeneyo eeyunithi ze-polyoxyethylene (40, 60 kunye ne-100). Ezi AAS ze-nonionic zifunyenwe zine-detergency efanelekileyo kunye neempawu zogwebu.
05 Unxulumano
5.1 Indlela esisiseko yokwenziwa
Kwi-AAS, amaqela e-hydrophobic anokudityaniswa kwiindawo ze-amine okanye i-carboxylic acid, okanye ngamakhonkco ecala lama-amino acids. Ngokusekelwe koku, iindlela ezine ezisisiseko zokwenziwa ziyafumaneka, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5.
Umzobo.5 Iindlela ezisisiseko ze-amino acid-based surfactants
| Indlela yoku-1. I-amphiphilic ester amines ziveliswa ngokusabela kwe-esterification, apho i-surfactant synthesis idla ngokufezekiswa ngokukhupha ii-alcohols ezinamafutha kunye ne-amino acids phambi kwe-agent ekhupha amanzi kunye ne-acidic catalyst. Kwezinye iimpendulo, i-asidi ye-sulfuric isebenza njenge-catalyst kunye ne-agent ye-dehydrating.
Indlela yesi-2. I-amino acids esebenzayo isabela kunye ne-alkylamines ukwenza iibhondi ze-amide, ezikhokelela ekudibaneni kwee-amphiphilic amidoamines.
Indlela yesi-3. I-Amido acids zenziwa ngokusabela kumaqela e-amine e-amino acids kunye ne-Amido Acids.
Indlela yesi-4. I-alkyl amino acids ye-long-chain yadityaniswa ngokusabela kwamaqela e-amine ane-haloalkanes. |
5.2 Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-synthesis kunye nemveliso
5.2.1 Ukwenziwa kwe-single-chain amino acid/i-peptide surfactants
I-N-acyl okanye i-O-acyl amino acids okanye i-peptides inokuqulunqwa nge-enzyme-catalyzed acylation ye-amine okanye amaqela e-hydroxyl ane-fatty acids. Ingxelo yokuqala kwi-solvent-free lipase-catalyzed synthesis ye-amino acid amide okanye i-methyl ester derivatives esetyenzisiweyo i-Candida antarctica, kunye nezivuno ezivela kwi-25% ukuya kwi-90% ngokuxhomekeke kwi-amino acid ekujoliswe kuyo. I-Methyl ethyl ketone iye yasetyenziswa njenge-solvent kwezinye iimpendulo. Vonderhagen et al. iphinde yachaza i-lipase kunye ne-protease-catalyzed N-acylation reactions ye-amino acids, i-protein hydrolysates kunye / okanye i-derivatives yazo isebenzisa umxube wamanzi kunye nezinyibilikisi ze-organic (umzekelo, i-dimethylformamide / amanzi) kunye ne-methyl butyl ketone.
Ngeentsuku zokuqala, ingxaki ephambili ye-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ye-AAS yayizivuno eziphantsi. Ngokutsho kweValivety et al. isivuno se-N-tetradecanoyl amino acid derivatives yaba yi-2%-10% kuphela nasemva kokusebenzisa i-lipases ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufukamela kwi-70 ° C iintsuku ezininzi. Montet et al. iphinde yadibana neengxaki malunga nesivuno esiphantsi se-amino acids kwi-synthesis ye-N-acyl lysine usebenzisa i-fatty acids kunye ne-oyile yemifuno. Ngokutsho kwabo, isivuno esiphezulu semveliso sasiyi-19% phantsi kweemeko ze-solvent-free kunye nokusebenzisa i-solvents eziphilayo. ingxaki efanayo kwafunyanwa Valivety et al. kwi-synthesis ye-N-Cbz-L-lysine okanye i-N-Cbz-lysine derivatives ye-methyl ester.
Kulo pho nonongo, bathi isivuno se-3-O-tetradecanoyl-L-serine sasiyi-80% xa usebenzisa i-serine ekhuselweyo ye-N njenge-substrate kunye ne-Novozyme 435 njenge-catalyst kwindawo encibilikisiweyo engena-solvent. U-Nagao kunye no-Kito bafunde i-O-acylation ye-L-serine, i-L-homoserine, i-L-threonine kunye ne-L-tyrosine (LET) xa usebenzisa i-lipase Iziphumo zokuphendula (i-lipase yafunyanwa ngu-Candida cylindracea kunye ne-Rhizopus delemar kwi-buffer medium aqueous) kwaye yaxela ukuba isivuno se-acylation ye-L-homoserine kunye ne-L-serine yayincinci, ngelixa kungekho acylation ye-L-threonine kunye ne-LET eyenzekayo.
Abaphandi abaninzi baye baxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwee-substrates ezingabizi kwaye zifumaneka ngokulula ukwenzela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AAS eneendleko. So et al. babanga ukuba ukulungiswa kwezinto ezenziwe ngeoli yesundu kusebenza kakuhle nge-lipoenzyme engashukumiyo. Baye baqaphela ukuba isivuno seemveliso siya kuba ngcono nangona ixesha lokusabela (iintsuku ezi-6). Gerova et al. iphande i-synthesis kunye nomsebenzi ongaphezulu we-chiral N-palmitoyl AAS esekwe kwi-methionine, iproline, i-leucine, i-threonine, i-phenylalanine kunye ne-phenylglycine kumxube we-cyclic/racemic. I-Pang kunye ne-Chu ichaze i-synthesis ye-amino acid esekelwe kwi-monomers kunye ne-dicarboxylic acid esekelwe kwi-monomers kwisisombululo Uluhlu lwee-amino acid ezisekelwe kwi-polyamide esters ezisebenzayo kunye ne-biodegradable zenziwe ngokuphendula ngokubambisana kwisisombululo.
I-Cantaeuzene kunye ne-Guerreiro ibike i-esterification yamaqela e-carboxylic acid ye-Boc-Ala-OH kunye ne-Boc-Asp-OH kunye ne-alcohol alphatic ende kunye ne-diols, kunye ne-dichloromethane njenge-solvent kunye ne-agarose 4B (i-Sepharose 4B) njenge-catalyst. Kolu phononongo, ukusabela kwe-Boc-Ala-OH kunye nee-alcohols ezinamafutha ukuya kwi-16 carbons yanika isivuno esihle (51%), ngelixa i-Boc-Asp-OH 6 kunye ne-12 carbons yayingcono, kunye nesivuno esihambelanayo se-63% [64]. ]. I-99.9%) kwizivuno ezivela kwi-58% ukuya kwi-76%, eziye zaqulunqwa ngokuqulunqwa kweebhondi ze-amide kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-alkylamines ende okanye i-ester bond kunye ne-alcohols enamafutha yi-Cbz-Arg-OMe, apho i-papain yenza njenge-catalyst.
5.2.2 Ukwenziwa kwe-gemini-based amino acid/peptide surfactants
I-amino acid esekelwe kwi-gemini surfactants iquka i-molecule ezimbini ezithe ngqo ze-AAS ezidityaniswe intloko ukuya entloko enye kwenye liqela le-spacer. Kukho izicwangciso ezi-2 ezinokwenzeka ze-chemoenzymatic synthesis ye-gemini-type amino acid-based surfactants (Amanani 6 kunye ne-7). Kwi-Figure 6, i-2 i-amino acid derivatives iphendulwa kunye nekhompawundi njengeqela le-spacer kwaye emva koko amaqela angama-2 e-hydrophobic aziswa. Kwi-Figure 7, i-2 ye-straight-chain structures idibaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kunye neqela le-bifunctional spacer.
Uphuhliso lokuqala lwe-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ye-gemini lipoamino acids yaqalwa nguValivety et al. Yoshimura et al. iphanda ukuhlanganiswa, i-adsorption kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-amino acid-based gemini surfactant esekelwe kwi-cystine kunye ne-n-alkyl bromide. Ii-surfactants ezenziweyo zathelekiswa ne-monomeric surfactants ehambelanayo. UFaustino et al. ichaze ukuhlanganiswa kwe-anionic urea-based monomeric AAS esekwe kwi-L-cystine, i-D-cystine, i-DL-cystine, i-L-cysteine, i-L-methionine kunye ne-L-sulfoalanine kunye neeperi zabo ze-gemini ngendlela yokuqhubela phambili, ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wokulinganisa kunye nokuzinza. -Isimo se-fluorescence iimpawu zazo. Kwaboniswa ukuba ixabiso le-cmc le-gemini laliphantsi ngokuthelekisa i-monomer kunye ne-gemini.
Umfanekiso we-6 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-gemini AAS usebenzisa i-AA derivatives kunye ne-spacer, ilandelwa ngokufakwa kweqela le-hydrophobic
Umzobo we-7 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-gemini AASs usebenzisa i-bifunctional spacer kunye ne-AAS
5.2.3 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-glycerolipid amino acid / i-peptide surfactants
I-Glycerolipid amino acid/i-peptide surfactants ludidi olutsha lwe-lipid amino acids olufana nolwakhiwo lwe-glycerol mono- (okanye i-di-) esters kunye ne-phospholipids, ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo sekhonkco elinye okanye ezimbini ezinamafutha kunye ne-amino acid enye edityaniswe nomqolo we-glycerol. nge-ester bond. Ukwenziwa kwezi surfactants kuqala ngokulungiswa kwe-glycerol esters ye-amino acids kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo kunye naphambi kwe-catalyst ene-acidic (umz. BF 3). I-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis (ukusebenzisa i-hydrolases, i-proteases kunye ne-lipases njenge-catalysts) nayo iyindlela efanelekileyo (Umfanekiso 8).
I-enzyme-catalyzed synthesis ye-dilaurylated arginine glycerides conjugates usebenzisa i-papain kuye kwabikwa. I-synthesis ye-diacylglycerol ester conjugates esuka kwi-acetylarginine kunye nokuvavanywa kweempawu zabo ze-physicochemical nazo zichazwe.
Umzobo.8 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-mono kunye ne-diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates
isiphekepheke: NH-(CH2)10-NH: ikhompawundiB1
isiphekepheke: NH-C6H4-NH: ikhompawundiB2
ispacer: CH2-CH2: ikhompawundiB3
Umfanekiso we-9 Ukwenziwa kwe-symmetric amphiphiles ethathwe kwi-Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
5.2.4 Ukudityaniswa kwee-amino acid/i-peptide surfactants esekwe kwibola
I-amino acid-based based bola-type amphiphiles iqulethe i-2 amino acids edityaniswe kwikhonkco elifanayo le-hydrophobic. Franceschi et al. ichaze i-synthesis ye-bola-type amphiphiles kunye ne-2 amino acids (i-D- okanye i-L-alanine okanye i-L-histidine) kunye ne-alkyl chain chain yobude obuhlukeneyo kwaye iphanda umsebenzi wabo ongaphezulu. Baxoxa ngokuhlanganiswa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwenoveli yohlobo lwe-amphiphiles kunye neqhezu le-amino acid (usebenzisa mhlawumbi i-β-amino acid engaqhelekanga okanye i-alcohol) kunye neqela le-C12 -C20 le-spacer. I-β-amino acids engaqhelekanga esetyenzisiweyo ingaba yi-sugar aminoacid, i-azidothymin (AZT)-ephuma kwi-amino acid, i-norbornene amino acid, kunye ne-amino alcohol ephuma kwi-AZT (Umfanekiso 9). ukudityaniswa kwee-amphiphiles zohlobo lwe-bola-symmetrical ezivela kwi-tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) (Figure 9).
06 Iimpawu zePhysicochemical
Kuyaziwa ukuba i-amino acid esekelwe kwi-surfactants (AAS) iyahlukahluka kwaye iyahlukahluka kwindalo kwaye isebenziseka kakuhle kwizicelo ezininzi ezifana ne-solubilization efanelekileyo, iipropati ezilungileyo ze-emulsification, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu, ukusebenza komsebenzi ophezulu kunye nokuchasana kakuhle kwamanzi anzima (i-calcium ion). ukunyamezelana).
Ngokusekwe kwiipropathi ze-surfactant yee-amino acids (umzekelo ukuxinana komphezulu, i-cmc, indlela yokuziphatha kwesigaba kunye nobushushu bukaKrafft), ezi zigqibo zilandelayo zifikelelwe emva kophononongo olubanzi - umsebenzi womphezulu we-AAS ungaphezulu kunomlingane wayo oqhelekileyo we-surfactant.
6.1 Ugxininiso olubalulekileyo lweMicelle (cmc)
Ukugxininiswa kwe-micelle ebalulekileyo yenye yeeparameters ezibalulekileyo ze-surfactants kwaye ilawula iipropati ezininzi ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-solubilization, i-cell lysis kunye nokusebenzisana kwayo kunye ne-biofilms, njl. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwandisa ubude bekhonkco lomsila we-hydrocarbon (ukwandisa i-hydrophobicity) kukhokelela ekunciphiseni. kwixabiso le-cmc yesisombululo se-surfactant, ngaloo ndlela inyusa umsebenzi wayo womphezulu. Ii-surfactants ezisekelwe kwii-amino acids zihlala zinexabiso eliphantsi le-cmc xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo.
Ngokudibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo eentloko kunye nemisila ye-hydrophobic (i-mono-cationic amide, i-bi-cationic amide, i-bi-cationic amide-based ester), i-Infante et al. yenze i-AAS emithathu esekwe kwi-arginine kwaye yafunda i-cmc kunye ne-γcmc (uxinzelelo lomphezulu kwi-cmc), ebonisa ukuba ixabiso le-cmc kunye ne-γcmc lehlile ngokunyuka kobude bomsila we-hydrophobic. Kwesinye isifundo, i-Singare kunye ne-Mhatre yafumanisa ukuba i-cmc ye-N-α-acylarginine surfactants yehla ngokunyusa inani le-athomu ye-hydrophobic tail carbon (Itheyibhile 1).
Yoshimura et al. iphanda i-cmc ye-cysteine-derived amino acid-based gemini surfactants kwaye yabonisa ukuba i-cmc yehla xa ubude be-carbon chain kwi-chain chain yanda ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-12. eqinisekisa ukuba ii-gemini surfactants ze-long-chain zinomkhwa ophantsi wokudibanisa.
UFaustino et al. ingxelo ngokuqulunqwa kweemicelles ezixubeneyo kwizisombululo ezimanzi ze-anionic gemini surfactants esekelwe kwi-cystine. I-gemini surfactants nayo yathelekiswa ne-monomeric surfactants ehambelanayo (C 8 Cys). Amaxabiso e-cmc emixube ye-lipid-surfactant axelwe esezantsi kunezo ze-surfactants ezisulungekileyo. i-gemini surfactants kunye ne-1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine, i-soluble yamanzi, i-micelle-forming phospholipid, yayine-cmc kwinqanaba le-millimolar.
U-Shrestha kunye no-Aramaki baphande ngokusekwa kweemicelles ezinjenge-viscoelastic worm kwizisombululo ezimanzi ze-amino acid-based based anionic-nonionic surfactants ngokungabikho kweetyuwa ezixubekileyo. Kule sifundo, i-N-dodecyl glutamate ifunyenwe ibe nobushushu obuphezulu beKrafft; kunjalo, xa neutralized kunye esisiseko amino acid L-lysine, yavelisa micelles kunye nesisombululo waqala ukuziphatha njengolwelo Newtonian kwi 25 °C.
6.2 Ukunyibilika kakuhle kwamanzi
Ukunyibilika kakuhle kwamanzi kwe-AAS kubangelwa kubukho be-CO-NH eyongezelelweyo. Oku kwenza ukuba i-AAS ibolise ngakumbi kwaye ikhuseleke ngokusingqongileyo kunee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo ezihambelanayo. Ukunyibilika kwamanzi kwe-N-acyl-L-glutamic acid kubhetele ngakumbi ngenxa yamaqela ayo ama-2 e-carboxyl. I-solubility yamanzi ye-Cn (CA) 2 ilungile kuba kukho amaqela e-ionic arginine kwi-molecule ye-1, ekhokelela ekubhengezeni okusebenzayo ngakumbi kunye nokusabalalisa kwi-interface yeseli kunye nokuthintela okusebenzayo kwebhaktheriya kwiindawo ezisezantsi.
6.3 Ubushushu beKrafft kunye nendawo yaseKrafft
Ubushushu be-Krafft bunokuqondwa njengokuziphatha okuthe ngqo kokunyibilika kwee-surfactants ezinyinyibilikayo zayo zinyuke kabukhali ngaphezu kobushushu obuthile. I-Ionic surfactants inomkhuba wokuvelisa i-hydrates eqinile, enokuthi ikhuphe ngaphandle kwamanzi. Kwiqondo lobushushu elithile (elibizwa ngokuba liqondo lobushushu leKrafft), ukunyuka okumangalisayo kunye nokungaqhubekiyo kwi-solubility ye-surfactants idla ngokubonwa. Indawo ye-Krafft ye-ionic surfactant bubushushu bayo be-Krafft kwi-cmc.
Olu phawu lokunyibilika ludla ngokubonwa kwi-ionic surfactants kwaye inokuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukunyibilika kwe-surfactant free monoma kukhawulelwe ngaphantsi kweqondo lobushushu le-Krafft de kufikelelwe kwindawo ye-Krafft, apho ukunyibilika kwayo kunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-micelle. Ukuqinisekisa ukunyibilika okupheleleyo, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela imixube ye-surfactant kumaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwe-Krafft point.
Ukushisa kwe-Krafft ye-AAS kuye kwafundwa kwaye kuthelekiswa naleyo ye-surfactants ye-synthetic yesiqhelo. UShrestha no-Aramaki bafunde ukushisa kwe-Krafft ye-arginine-based AAS kwaye bafumanisa ukuba i-concentration ye-micelle ebalulekileyo ibonise ukuziphatha kokuhlanganiswa ngendlela ye-pre-micelles ngaphezu kwe-2-5. × 10-6 i-mol-L -1 ilandelwa yi-micelle eqhelekileyo yokubunjwa (i-Ohta et al. Yadibanisa iintlobo ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo ze-N-hexadecanoyl AAS kwaye ixubushe ubudlelwane phakathi kokushisa kwe-Krafft kunye neentsalela ze-amino acid.
Kuvavanyo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ubushushu beKrafft ye-N-hexadecanoyl AAS bonyuke ngokuncipha kobungakanani beentsalela ze-amino acid (i-phenylalanine iyinto engaqhelekanga), ngelixa ubushushu bokunyibilika (ukunyuswa kobushushu) bunyuke ngokuncipha kobungakanani beentsalela ze-amino acid (kunye ngaphandle kwe-glycine kunye ne-phenylalanine). Kwagqitywa ukuba kwiinkqubo zombini ze-alanine kunye ne-phenylalanine, ukusebenzisana kwe-DL kunamandla kunokusebenzisana kwe-LL ngendlela eqinile ye-N-hexadecanoyl AAS ityuwa.
UBrito et al. igqibe ubushushu beKrafft yothotho oluthathu lwenoveli ye-amino acid-based surfactants esebenzisa umahluko wokuskena i-microcalorimetry kwaye yafumanisa ukuba ukutshintsha i-ion ye-trifluoroacetate ibe yi-ion ye-iodide ibangele ukonyuka okubalulekileyo kobushushu beKrafft (malunga ne-6 °C), ukusuka kuma-47 °C ukuya kuma-53 °C. C. Ubukho be-cis-double bonds kunye ne-unsaturation ekhoyo kwi-long-chain Ser-derivatives iholele ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwiqondo lokushisa laseKrafft. I-n-Dodecyl glutamate yabikwa ukuba inobushushu obuphezulu beKrafft. Nangona kunjalo, ukungathathi hlangothi kunye nesiseko se-amino acid L-lysine kubangele ukubunjwa kweemicelles kwisisombululo esiziphatha njengama-Newtonian fluids kwi-25 °C.
6.4 Ukuxinana komphezulu
Uxinzelelo lomphezulu lwe-surfactants lunxulumene nobude bekhonkco lenxalenye ye-hydrophobic. UZhang et al. uzimisele ukuxinana komphezulu we-sodium cocoyl glycinate nge-Wilhelmy plate method (25±0.2) °C kwaye inqume ixabiso loxinzelelo lomphezulu kwi-cmc njenge-33 mN-m -1, i-cmc njenge-0.21 mmol-L -1. Yoshimura et al. uzimisele ukuxinana komphezulu we-2C n uhlobo lweCys lwe-amino acid esekelwe kumphezulu woxinzelelo lwe-2C n Cys-based based agent agent. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu kwi-cmc kwehlile ngokunyuka kobude bekhonkco (de kube ngu-n = 8), ngelixa i-trend yatshintshwa kwi-surfactants ene-n = 12 okanye ubude bekhonkco elide.
Isiphumo se-CaC1 2 kuxinzelelo lomphezulu we-dicarboxylated amino acid-based surfactants iye yaphononongwa. Kwezi zifundo, i-CaC1 2 yongezwa kwizisombululo ezimanzi ze-dicarboxylated amino acid-type surfactants (C12 MalNa 2, C12 AspNa 2, kunye neC12 GluNa 2). Amaxabiso e-plateau emva kwe-cmc athelekiswa kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukuxinezeleka komphezulu kwehle kwi-CaC1 2 ephantsi kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yempembelelo ye-calcium ion kulungiselelo lwe-surfactant kujongano lwamanzi egesi. ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wetyuwa ye-N-dodecylaminomalonate kunye ne-N-dodecylaspartate, kwelinye icala, nayo yayiphantse yahlala ifikelela kwi-10 mmol-L -1 CaC1 2 yoxinaniso. Ngaphezulu kwe-10 mmol-L -1, ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu kwandisa ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yokubunjwa kwemvula yetyuwa ye-calcium ye-surfactant. Kwityuwa ye-disodium ye-N-dodecyl glutamate, ukongezwa okuphakathi kwe-CaC1 2 kubangele ukuncipha okukhulu kwi-tension surface, ngelixa ukunyuka okuqhubekayo kwi-CaC1 2 i-concentration ayisayi kubangela utshintsho olubalulekileyo.
Ukumisela i-adsorption kinetics ye-gemini-type AAS kwi-interface ye-gas-water, ukunyanzeliswa komgangatho oguqukayo kunqunywe ngokusebenzisa indlela yoxinzelelo lwe-bubble ephezulu. Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ixesha elide lovavanyo, i-2C 12 Cys dynamic surface tension ayizange itshintshe. Ukuncipha koxinzelelo lwe-dynamic surface kuxhomekeke kuphela ekugxininiseni, ubude bemisila ye-hydrophobic, kunye nenani lemisila ye-hydrophobic. Ukonyuka koxinzelelo lwe-surfactant, ukuncipha kobude betyathanga kunye nenani lamatyathanga kubangele ukubola okukhawulezileyo. Iziphumo ezifunyenwe kwiindawo eziphezulu zeC n Cys (n = 8 ukuya kwi-12) zifunyenwe zisondele kakhulu kwi-γ cmc elinganiswe yindlela kaWilhelmy.
Kwesinye isifundo, ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu oguquguqukayo we-sodium dilauryl cystine (SDLC) kunye ne-sodium didecamino cystine zigqitywe yindlela yeplate yeWilhelmy, kwaye ukongezelela, ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wokulingana kwezisombululo zabo zamanzi kunqunywe yindlela yokuhla umthamo. Ukusabela kweebhondi ze-disulfide kwaphandwa ngakumbi nangezinye iindlela. Ukongezwa kwe-mercaptoethanol kwi-0.1 mmol-L -1SDLC isisombululo kwakhokelela ekunyuseni ngokukhawuleza kwengcinezelo yomhlaba ukusuka kwi-34 mN-m -1 ukuya kwi-53 mN-m -1. Ekubeni i-NaClO iyakwazi i-oxidize i-disulfide bonds ye-SDLC kumaqela e-sulfonic acid, akukho zibalo zabonwa xa i-NaClO (5 mmol-L -1) yongezwa kwi-0.1 mmol-L -1 isisombululo se-SDLC. Ukudluliselwa kwe-electron microscopy kunye neziphumo zokusasazwa kokukhanya okuguquguqukayo zibonise ukuba akukho zibalo zenziwe kwisisombululo. Ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu we-SDLC kufunyenwe ukunyuka ukusuka kwi-34 mN-m -1 ukuya kwi-60 mN-m -1 kwixesha le-20 min.
6.5 Ukusebenzisana komphezulu weBinary
Kwiinzululwazi zobomi, iqela lamaqela liye lafunda iimpawu ze-vibrational zemixube ye-cationic AAS (i-diacylglycerol arginine-based surfactants) kunye ne-phospholipids kwi-interface ye-gas-water, ekugqibeleni iqukumbela ukuba le propati engafanelekanga ibangela ukuxhaphaka kwe-electrostatic interactions.
6.6 Iipropati ezidityanisiweyo
I-Dynamic light scattering ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukumisela iipropati ezidityanisiweyo ze-amino acid-based monomers kunye ne-gemini surfactants kugxininiso olungaphezulu kwe-cmc, inika i-hydrodynamic diameter ebonakalayo ye-DH (= 2R H). I-aggregates eyenziwe yi-C n Cys kunye ne-2Cn Cys inkulu kakhulu kwaye inosasazo olubanzi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-surfactants. Zonke ii-surfactants ngaphandle kwe-2C 12 Cys zikholisa ukwenza aggregates malunga ne-10 nm. Ubungakanani bemicelle yee-gemini surfactants zikhulu kakhulu kunezo zoogxa babo be-monomeric. Ukonyuka kobude betsheyina le-hydrocarbon kukhokelela ekwandeni kobungakanani bemicelle. ohta et al. ichaze iipropathi zokudityaniswa kwe-stereoisomers ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ze-N-dodecyl-phenyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanine tetramethylammonium kwisisombululo esimanzi kwaye yabonisa ukuba i-diastereoisomers inogxininiso olubalulekileyo olufanayo kwisisombululo esimanzi. Iwahashi et al. iphandwe yi-circular dichroism, i-NMR kunye noxinzelelo lwe-vapor osmometry the Ukuqulunqwa kwe-chiral aggregates ye-N-dodecanoyl-L-glutamic acid, i-N-dodecanoyl-L-valine kunye ne-methyl esters yazo kwii-solvents ezahlukeneyo (njenge-tetrahydrofuran, i-acetonitrile, i-1,4 -dioxane kunye ne-1,2-dichloroethane) eneempawu ezijikelezayo zaphandwa nge-circular dichroism, i-NMR kunye ne-osmometry yoxinzelelo lomphunga.
6.7 I-interfacial adsorption
I-adsorption ye-interfacial ye-amino acid-based surfactants kunye nokuthelekiswa kwayo kunye nomlingani wayo oqhelekileyo ikwayenye yezalathiso zophando. Umzekelo, iipropathi ze-adsorption ezidibeneyo ze-dodecyl esters ze-amino acids ezinevumba elimnandi ezifunyenwe kwi-LET kunye ne-LEP zaphandwa. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-LET kunye ne-LEP zibonise iindawo ezisezantsi ze-interfacial kwi-interface ye-gas-liquid kunye ne-interface yamanzi / i-hexane, ngokulandelanayo.
Bordes et al. iphande indlela yokuziphatha yesisombululo kunye ne-adsorption kujongano lwamanzi erhasi ye-dicarboxylated amino acid surfactants, iityuwa zedisodium ze-dodecyl glutamate, i-dodecyl aspartate, kunye ne-aminomalonate (kunye ne-3, 2, kunye ne-athom ye-carbon e-1 phakathi kwamaqela amabini e-carboxyl, ngokulandelelana). Ngokwale ngxelo, i-cmc ye-dicarboxylated surfactants yayiphezulu ngamaxesha angama-4-5 kunaleyo yetyuwa ye-monocarboxylated dodecyl glycine. Oku kubalelwa ekuyilweni kweebhondi ze-hydrogen phakathi kwe-dicarboxylated surfactants kunye ne-molecule ezingabamelwane ngokusebenzisa amaqela e-amide alapho.
6.8 isigaba sokuziphatha
I-Isotropic discontinuous cubic phases zijongwa kwii-surfactants ezikwiqondo eliphezulu kakhulu. Iimolekyuli ze-surfactant ezinamaqela eentloko ezinkulu kakhulu zikholisa ukwenza i-aggregates ye-curvature encinci elungileyo. marques et al. wafunda indlela yokuziphatha kwesigaba se-12Lys12 / 12Ser kunye ne-8Lys8 / 16Ser iinkqubo (jonga umfanekiso we-10), kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba inkqubo ye-12Lys12 / 12Ser inommandla wokuhlukanisa isigaba phakathi kwemimandla yesisombululo se-micellar kunye ne-vesicular, ngelixa i-8Lys8 / 16Ser inkqubo Inkqubo ye-8Lys8 / 16Ser ibonisa inguqu eqhubekayo (ingingqi yesigaba se-micellar emide phakathi kommandla omncinci wesigaba se-micellar kunye nommandla wesigaba se-vesicle). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwingingqi ye-vesicle ye-12Lys12 / 12Ser inkqubo, ii-vesicles zihlala zihlala kunye ne-micelles, ngelixa i-vesicle ye-8Ls8 / 16Ser inkqubo ine-vesicles kuphela.
Imixube yeCatanionic ye-lysine- kunye ne-serine-based surfactants: i-symmetric 12Lys12/12Ser pair(ekhohlo) kunye ne-asymmetric 8Ls8/16Ser pair(ekunene)
6.9 Isakhono sokulinganisa
Kouchi et al. ihlolisise amandla e-emulsifying, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-interfacial tension, dispersibility, kunye ne-viscosity ye-N- [3-dodecyl-2-hydroxypropyl] -L-arginine, L-glutamate, kunye nezinye i-AAS. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-synthetic surfactants (abalingane babo besiqhelo be-nonionic kunye ne-amphoteric), iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-AAS inamandla okuqinisa amandla kunama-surfactants aqhelekileyo.
Baczko et al. i-anionic amino acid surfactants inoveli yaze yaphanda ukufaneleka kwazo njengezinyibilikisi ze-NMR ezijonge kwi-chiral. Uluhlu lwe-sulfonate-based amphiphilic L-Phe okanye i-L-Ala derivatives enemisila eyahlukeneyo ye-hydrophobic (pentyl~tetradecyl) yenziwe ngokuphendula i-amino acids kunye ne-o-sulfobenzoic anhydride. Wu et al. iityuwa zesodium ezidibeneyo ze-N-fatty acyl AAS kunyebaphande isakhono sabo se-emulsification kwi-emulsions yeoli emanzini, kwaye iziphumo zibonise ukuba aba bantu be-surfactants baqhube ngcono nge-ethyl acetate njengesigaba seoli kune-n-hexane njengesigaba seoli.
6.10 Inkqubela phambili ekuhlanganiseni nasekuveliseni
Ukumelana namanzi anzima kunokuqondwa njengobuchule be-surfactants ukuxhathisa ubukho be-ion ezifana ne-calcium kunye ne-magnesium kumanzi anzima, oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukuphepha imvula kwiisepha ze-calcium. Ii-surfactants ezinokumelana nokuqina kwamanzi aphezulu ziluncedo kakhulu kwimixube yokucoca kunye neemveliso zokhathalelo lomntu. Ukuchasana kwamanzi okunzima kunokuvavanywa ngokubala utshintsho kwi-solubility kunye nomsebenzi ongaphezulu we-surfactant phambi kwe-calcium ions.
Enye indlela yokuvavanya ukuxhathisa kwamanzi okunzima kukubala ipesenti okanye iigram ze-surfactant ezifunekayo kwisepha ye-calcium eyenziwe kwi-100 g ye-sodium oleate ukuba isasazwe emanzini. Kwiindawo ezinamanzi aphezulu anzima, ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion kunye nomxholo weeminerali kunokwenza izicelo ezithile ezisebenzayo zibe nzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-ion yesodium isetyenziswa njenge-ion ye-counter ye-synthetic anionic surfactant. Kuba i-divalent calcium ion ibotshelelwa kuzo zombini iimolekyuli ze-surfactant, ibangela ukuba i-surfactant igxame ngokulula ukusuka kwisisombululo esenza ukuba i-detergency incinci.
Uphononongo lokumelana nokuqina kwamanzi e-AAS lubonise ukuba i-asidi kunye nokumelana namanzi anzima kwaphenjelelwa kakhulu liqela elongezelelweyo le-carboxyl, kwaye i-asidi kunye nokumelana nokuqina kwamanzi kwanda ngakumbi ngokunyuka kobude beqela le-spacer phakathi kwamaqela amabini e-carboxyl. . Umyalelo we-asidi kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwamanzi okunzima kwakuyi-C 12 glycinate <C 12 aspartate <C 12 glutamate. Ukuthelekisa i-dicarboxylated amide bond kunye ne-dicarboxylated amino surfactant, ngokulandelelanayo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba uluhlu lwe-pH lwale mva lwalubanzi kwaye umsebenzi walo womphezulu wenyuka kunye nokongezwa kwesixa esifanelekileyo se-asidi. I-dicarboxylated N-alkyl amino acids ibonise umphumo we-chelating phambi kwe-calcium ions, kunye ne-C 12 aspartate yenza i-gel emhlophe. I-c 12 glutamate ibonise umsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu kwiqondo eliphezulu leCa 2+ kwaye kulindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe ekukhutshweni kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle.
6.11 Ukusasazeka
I-Dispersibility ibhekiselele kwisakhono somntu osebenza phezu komhlaba ukuthintela ukuhlangana kunye nentlenga ye-surfactant kwisisombululo.I-Dispersibility yipropati ebalulekileyo yee-surfactants ezenza ukuba zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwi-detergents, izimonyo kunye namayeza.I-arhente yokusabalalisa kufuneka iqulethe i-ester, i-ether, i-amide okanye i-amino bond phakathi kweqela le-hydrophobic kunye ne-terminal hydrophilic group (okanye phakathi kwamaqela e-hydrophobic chain chain).
Ngokubanzi, ii-anionic surfactants ezifana ne-alkanolamido sulfates kunye nee-amphoteric surfactants ezifana ne-amidosulfobetaine zisebenza ngokukodwa njengee-agent zokuchithachitha iisepha ze-calcium.
Iinzame ezininzi zophando ziye zagqiba ukuchithwa kwe-AAS, apho i-N-lauroyl lysine yafunyaniswa ukuba ayihambelani kakuhle namanzi kwaye kunzima ukuyisebenzisa kwi-cosmetic formulations.Kolu luhlu, i-N-acyl-substituted basic amino acids ine-superb dispersibility kwaye isetyenziswa kushishino lwezithambiso ukuphucula ukwenziwa.
07 Ubutyhefu
Ii-surfactants eziqhelekileyo, ngakumbi ii-cationic surfactants, ziyityhefu kakhulu kwizinto eziphila emanzini. Ubuthi babo obuyingozi bubangelwa yinto ye-adsorption-ion interaction of surfactants kwi-interface yamanzi eseli. Ukunciphisa i-cmc yee-surfactants kudla ngokukhokelela ekomeleleni kobuso be-surfactants, nto leyo edla ngokukhokelela kubuthi bayo obuphezulu. Ukonyuka kubude bekhonkco le-hydrophobic ye-surfactants kukhokelela ekwandeni kwe-surfactant acute toxicity.Ininzi ye-AAS iphantsi okanye ayinayo ityhefu kubantu kunye nokusingqongileyo (ingakumbi kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle) kwaye zifanelekile ukusetyenziswa njengezithako zokutya, amayeza kunye nezithambiso.Abaphandi abaninzi babonise ukuba ii-amino acid surfactants zithambile kwaye aziluthukuthezi ulusu. I-Arginine-based surfactants iyaziwa njengeyona tyhefu encinci kunezo ziqhelekileyo.
UBrito et al. wafunda iipropati ze-physicochemical kunye ne-toxicological ye-amino acid-based amphiphiles kunye ne-amphiphiles yazo [ezivela kwi-tyrosine (Tyr), i-hydroxyproline (Hyp), i-serine (i-Ser) kunye ne-lysine (i-Lys)] ukwakheka okuzenzekelayo kwee-cationic vesicles kwaye yanika idatha kwi-toxicity ebukhali I-Daphnia magna (IC 50). Benza i-cationic vesicles ye-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB)/Lys-derivatives kunye/okanye imixube ye-Ser-/Lys-derivative kwaye bavavanya i-ecotoxicity yabo kunye namandla e-hemolytic, bebonisa ukuba yonke i-AAS kunye nemixube equlethe i-vesicle yayinetyhefu encinci kune-DTA yesiqhelo ye-surfactant. .
URosa et al. iphande ngokubophelela (unxulumano) lwe-DNA kwi-amino acid-based cationic vesicles ezinzileyo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-cationic surfactants eziqhelekileyo, ezihlala zibonakala ziyityhefu, ukusebenzelana kwe-cationic amino acid surfactants kubonakala kungenayo ityhefu. I-cationic AAS isekelwe kwi-arginine, eyenza ngokuzenzekelayo i-vesicles ezinzile ngokudibanisa kunye ne-anionic surfactants. I-amino acid-based corrosion inhibitors nayo ixelwe ukuba ayinayo ityhefu. Ezi zixhobo ze-surfactants zenziwe ngokulula ngobusulungekileyo obuphezulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99%), ixabiso eliphantsi, i-biodegradable ngokulula, kwaye linyibilika ngokupheleleyo kwimidiya yamanzi. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba i-sulfure-equlethe i-amino acid surfactants iphezulu ekuthinteleni ukubola.
Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje, uPerinelli et al. ingxelo eyanelisayo ye-toxicological profile ye-rhamnolipids xa kuthelekiswa ne-surfactants eqhelekileyo. I-Rhamnolipids ziyaziwa ukuba zisebenze njengezixhasi zokungena. Baphinde bachaza umphumo we-rhamnolipids kwi-epithelial permeability yamachiza e-macromolecular.
08 Umsebenzi weAntimicrobial
Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial of surfactants unokuvavanywa ngoxinzelelo oluncinci lwe-inhibitory. Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial we-arginine-based surfactants ufundwe ngokubanzi. Iibhaktheriya zeGram-negative zifunyenwe zikwazi ukumelana ne-arginine-based surfactants kune-Gram-positive bacteria. Umsebenzi we-antimicrobial of surfactants udla ngokunyuswa kubukho be-hydroxyl, i-cyclopropane okanye i-unsaturated bonds ngaphakathi kweentambo ze-acyl. Castillo et al. wabonisa ukuba ubude bemixokelelwane ye-acyl kunye nentlawulo efanelekileyo inquma ixabiso le-HLB (i-hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) ye-molecule, kwaye ezi zinefuthe kwikhono labo lokuphazamisa i-membrane. I-Nα-acylarginine methyl ester yenye iklasi ebalulekileyo ye-cationic surfactants enomsebenzi obanzi we-antimicrobial kwaye Iyakwazi ukubola kwaye inetyhefu ephantsi okanye ayinayo. Izifundo malunga nokusebenzisana kwe-Nα-acylarginine methyl ester-based surfactants ene-1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine kunye ne-1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-propyltrioxyl-3-phosphorylcholine, imodeli yeembrane, kunye ne-organisms eziphilayo. ubukho okanye ukungabikho kwemiqobo yangaphandle kubonise ukuba le klasi ye-surfactants ine-antimicrobial efanelekileyo Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-surfactants inomsebenzi omhle wokulwa ne-antibacterial.
09 Iipropati zeRheological
Iimpawu ze-rheological ze-surfactants zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni nasekuqikeleleni izicelo zabo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukutya, amayeza, ukukhutshwa kweoli, ukunakekelwa komntu kunye neemveliso zokunyamekela ekhaya. Uphononongo oluninzi luye lwenziwa ukuxoxa ngobudlelwane phakathi kwe-viscoelasticity ye-amino acid surfactants kunye ne-cmc.
Izicelo ezili-10 kushishino lwezithambiso
I-AAS isetyenziselwa ukuqulunqwa kweemveliso ezininzi zokunyamekela komntu.I-potassium N-cocoyl glycinate ifunyenwe ithambile eluswini kwaye isetyenziselwa ukucocwa kobuso ukususa i-sludge kunye ne-makeup. I-n-Acyl-L-glutamic acid inamaqela amabini e-carboxyl, eyenza ibe yinto enyibilikayo emanzini. Phakathi kwezi AAS, i-AAS esekelwe kwi-C 12 i-fatty acids isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuhlambululeni ubuso ukususa i-sludge kunye ne-makeup. I-AAS ene-C 18 chain isetyenziselwa i-emulsifiers kwiimveliso zokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, kwaye i-N-Lauryl alanine ityuwa iyaziwa ngokudala i-foam e-creamy engabandakanyi ulusu kwaye ngoko ingasetyenziselwa ukuqulunqwa kwemveliso yokunakekelwa kwabantwana. I-N-Lauryl-based AAS esetyenziswe kwi-toothpaste ine-detergency efanelekileyo efana nesepha kunye nokusebenza okunamandla kwe-enzyme-inhibiting.
Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, ukukhethwa kwabasebenzi bezinto zokuthambisa, iimveliso zokhathalelo lomntu kunye namayeza kugxininise kubuthi obuphantsi, ubulali, ubumnene ekubambeni nasekukhuseleni. Abathengi bezi mveliso banolwazi olunzulu malunga nokucaphukisa okunokwenzeka, ubuthi kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo.
Namhlanje, i-AAS isetyenziselwa ukwenza iishampu ezininzi, iidayi zeenwele kunye neesepha zokuhlambela ngenxa yeenzuzo zabo ezininzi ngaphezu koogxa babo bemveli kwizinto zokuthambisa kunye neemveliso zokhathalelo lomntu.Iiprotein-based surfactants zineempawu ezinqwenelekayo eziyimfuneko kwiimveliso zokhathalelo lomntu. Ezinye ii-AAS zinamandla okwenza ifilim, ngelixa ezinye zinobuchule obuhle bokukhupha ugwebu.
Ii-amino acids zibalulekile ngokwendalo izinto ezifumisayo kwi-stratum corneum. Xa iiseli ze-epidermal zifa, ziba yinxalenye ye-stratum corneum kwaye iiprotheni ze-intracellular ziyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe zibe yi-amino acids. Ezi asidi ze-amino zithunyelwa ngakumbi kwi-stratum corneum, apho zifunxa amanqatha okanye izinto ezinjengamanqatha kwi-epidermal stratum corneum, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ukunwebeka komphezulu wolusu. Ngokumalunga ne-50% yendalo yokuthambisa esikhumbeni iqulethwe ngama-amino acids kunye ne-pyrrolidone.
I-Collagen, isithako esiqhelekileyo sokuthambisa, ikwaqulethe ii-amino acids ezigcina ulusu luthambile.Iingxaki zolusu ezifana noburhabaxa kunye nokuba buthuntu zibangelwa kukungabikho kweeamino acids. Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba ukuxuba i-amino acid kunye ne-ointment kuphelisa ukutshisa kwesikhumba, kwaye iindawo ezichaphazelekayo zibuyela kwimeko yazo yesiqhelo ngaphandle kokuba zibe zivalo ze-keloid.
Kwakhona kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba ii-amino acids ziluncedo kakhulu ekunyamekeleni iicuticles ezonakeleyo.Izinwele ezomileyo, ezingenamilo zingabonisa ukuhla koxinzelelo lwe-amino acids kwi-stratum corneum eyonakele kakhulu. I-amino acids inamandla okungena kwi-cuticle kwi-shaft yeenwele kwaye ifunxe ukufuma eluswini.Obu buchule be-amino acid esekwe kwi-surfactants bubenza babe luncedo kakhulu kwiishampu, iidayi zeenwele, izithambisi zeenwele, izixhobo zokulungisa iinwele, kunye nobukho be-amino acids benza iinwele zomelele.
Izicelo ezili-11 kwizinto zokuthambisa zemihla ngemihla
Okwangoku, kukho imfuno ekhulayo yokwenziwa kwe-amino acid-based detergent kwihlabathi jikelele.I-AAS yaziwa ngokuba nobuchule obungcono bokucoca, isakhono sogwebu kunye neempawu zokuthambisa ilaphu, nto leyo ezenza zilungele izinto zokucoca zasekhaya, iishampu, ukuhlamba umzimba kunye nezinye izicelo.I-aspartic acid-derived amphoteric AAS ixelwe njengesicoci esisebenza kakhulu esineempawu ezihlabayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezithako zokucoca ezibandakanya i-N-alkyl-β-aminoethoxy acids zifunyenwe ukunciphisa ukucaphuka kwesikhumba. Ukuqulunqwa kwe-detergent ye-liquid equkethe i-N-cocoyl-β-aminopropionate kuye kwabikwa njengento esebenzayo yokucoca i-oil stains kwi-metal surfaces. I-aminocarboxylic acid surfactant, i-C 14 CHOHCH 2 NHCH 2 COONA, nayo ibonakaliswe ukuba ine-detergency engcono kwaye isetyenziselwa ukucoca iingubo, iikhaphethi, iinwele, iglasi, njl. I-2-hydroxy-3-aminopropionic acid-N,N- I-acetoacetic acid ephuma kwi-acetoacetic iyaziwa ngokuba namandla okudibanisa okulungileyo kwaye inika uzinzo kwii-agent ezixutywayo.
Ukulungiswa kweendlela zokucoca ezisekelwe kwi-N-(N'-long-chain acyl-β-alanyl)-β-alanine kuye kwabikwa nguKeigo kunye noTatsuya kwi-patent yabo yokukwazi ukuhlamba okungcono kunye nokuzinza, ukuphuka kwe-foam ngokulula kunye nokuthambisa ilaphu elungileyo. . U-Kao uphuhlise i-detergent formulation esekelwe kwi-N-Acyl-1 -N-hydroxy-β-alanine kwaye ichaze ukucaphuka kwesikhumba esincinci, ukuxhathisa kwamanzi aphezulu kunye namandla aphezulu okususa amabala.
Inkampani yaseJapan i-Ajinomoto isebenzisa i-AAS ephantsi enetyhefu kwaye iguquguquke ngokulula ngokusekelwe kwi-L-glutamic acid, i-L-arginine kunye ne-L-lysine njengezithako eziphambili kwii-shampoos, i-detergents kunye nezimonyo (Umfanekiso 13). Ikhono lezongezo ze-enzyme kwi-detergent formulations ukususa i-protein fouling nayo ichazwe. I-N-acyl AAS evela kwi-glutamic acid, i-alanine, i-methylglycine, i-serine kunye ne-aspartic acid ziye zabikwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo njengezicoci ezigqwesileyo zolwelo kwizisombululo ezinamanzi. Ezi zixhobo ze-surfactants azinyusi i-viscosity kwaphela, nokuba kubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu, kwaye zinokugqithiswa ngokulula kwisitya sokugcina sesixhobo esinamagwebu ukufumana amagwebu alinganayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-09-2022