Eli nqaku ligxile kwindlela yokulwa neentsholongwane zeGemini Surfactants, ekulindeleke ukuba isebenze ekubulaleni ibhaktheriya kwaye inokubonelela ngoncedo ekucutheni ukusasazeka kwecoronavirus entsha.
I-Surfactant, esisifinyezo samabinzana uMphezulu, oSebenzayo kunye ne-Agent. I-surfactants zizinto ezisebenzayo kwimigangatho kunye ne-interfaces kwaye zinekhono eliphezulu kakhulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekunciphiseni umphezulu (umda) ukuxinana, ukwenza iindibano eziyalelwe yi-molecularly kwizisombululo ezingaphezulu koxinzelelo oluthile kwaye ngaloo ndlela unoluhlu lwemisebenzi yesicelo. Ii-surfactants zine-dispersibility elungileyo, ukumanzisa, isakhono se-emulsification, kunye nepropathi ye-antistatic, kwaye ziye zaba zizinto eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kwamasimi amaninzi, kubandakanya intsimi yeekhemikhali ezintle, kwaye zinegalelo elikhulu ekuphuculeni iinkqubo, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. . Ngophuhliso loluntu kunye nenkqubela phambili yenqanaba lemizi-mveliso yehlabathi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-surfactants kuye kwasasazeka ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwiikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa mihla le ukuya kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho lwesizwe, njengee-antibacterial agents, izongezo zokutya, amasimi amatsha amandla, unyango olungcolisekileyo kunye. biopharmaceuticals.
I-surfactants yesiqhelo "yi-amphiphilic" i-compounds equkethe amaqela e-polar hydrophilic kunye namaqela angenayo i-hydrophobic, kunye nezakhiwo zabo ze-molecular ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 1 (a).
Okwangoku, ngophuhliso lophuculo kunye ne-systematization kwishishini lemveliso, imfuno yeepropathi ze-surfactant kwinkqubo yokuvelisa iyanda ngokuthe ngcembe, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukufumana kunye nokuphuhlisa i-surfactants eneempawu eziphezulu kunye nezakhiwo ezizodwa. Ukufunyanwa kweGemini Surfactants ibhuloho ezi zithuba kwaye ihlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso yoshishino. I-Gemini surfactant eqhelekileyo yikhompawundi enamaqela amabini e-hydrophilic (ngokubanzi i-ionic okanye i-nonionic eneempawu ze-hydrophilic) kunye namakhonkco amabini e-alkyl e-hydrophobic.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMzobo 1 (b), ngokungafaniyo ne-surfactants ye-single-chain yesiqhelo, i-Gemini Surfactants idibanisa amaqela amabini e-hydrophilic kunye neqela elidibanisayo (spacer). Ngamafutshane, ulwakhiwo lwe-Gemini surfactant lunokuqondwa njengoko lwenziwe ngobuchule bokudibanisa amaqela amabini entloko ye-hydrophilic ye-surfactant eqhelekileyo kunye neqela lonxibelelano.
Ulwakhiwo olukhethekileyo lweGemini Surfactant lukhokelela kumsebenzi wayo ongaphezulu, obangelwa ikakhulu:
(1) isiphumo esiphuculweyo se-hydrophobic yamatyathanga amabini omsila we-hydrophobic ye-molecule ye-Gemini Surfactant kunye nokuthambekela okwandisiweyo kwe-surfactant ukushiya isisombululo samanzi.
(2) Ukuthambekela kwamaqela eentloko ze-hydrophilic ukuhlukana komnye nomnye, ngokukodwa amaqela eentloko ze-ionic ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa kwe-electrostatic, iyancipha kakhulu ngenxa yempembelelo yesikhala;
(3) Isakhiwo esikhethekileyo seGemini Surfactants sichaphazela ukuziphatha kwabo kokudibanisa kwisisombululo se-aqueous, kubanika i-morphology eyinkimbinkimbi kunye ne-aggregation aggregation.
I-Gemini Surfactants inomsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu (umda), i-concentration ye-micelle ephantsi ebalulekileyo, ukumanzisa okungcono, amandla e-emulsification kunye nobuchule bokulwa ne-antibacterial xa kuthelekiswa nee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo. Ke ngoko, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kweGemini Surfactants kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-surfactants.
"Isakhiwo se-amphiphilic" se-surfactants eqhelekileyo sibanika iipropati ezizodwa zomphezulu. Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 1 (c), xa i-surfactant eqhelekileyo yongezwa emanzini, iqela lentloko ye-hydrophilic livame ukuchithwa ngaphakathi kwesisombululo samanzi, kwaye iqela le-hydrophobic livimbela ukuchithwa kwe-molecule ye-surfactant emanzini. Ngaphantsi kwesiphumo esidityanisiweyo sale mikhwa mibini, iimolekyuli ze-surfactant ziyatyetyiswa kwi-interface ye-gas-liquid kwaye zihamba ngolungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa ukuxinana kwamanzi. Ngokungafaniyo nee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo, ii-Gemini Surfactants "zii-dimers" ezidibanisa ii-surfactants eziqhelekileyo kunye kusetyenziswa amaqela e-spacer, anokunciphisa ukuxinana komphezulu wamanzi kunye ne-oyile / amanzi adibanisa ubuso ngokufanelekileyo. Ukongeza, ii-Gemini Surfactants zineendawo ezisezantsi ezibalulekileyo zemicelle, ukunyibilika okungcono kwamanzi, i-emulsification, ugwebu, ukumanzisa kunye neempawu zokulwa ne-antibacterial.
| Ukwaziswa kweeGemini Surfactants Ngo-1991, uMenger noLittau [13] balungiselela i-bis-alkyl chain surfactant yokuqala kunye neqela eliqinileyo lonxibelelwano, kwaye bayibiza ngokuba "yiGemini surfactant". Kwangalo nyaka, Zana et al [14] walungisa uthotho quaternary ammonium ityuwa Gemini Surfactants okokuqala kwaye uphando ngokucwangcisiweyo iipropati kolu thotho quaternary ammonium ityuwa Gemini Surfactants. I-1996, abaphandi badibanisa kwaye baxubusha umphezulu (umda) ukuziphatha, iipropati zokudibanisa, i-rheology yesisombululo kunye nokuziphatha kwesigaba se-Gemini Surfactants ezahlukeneyo xa zidibene kunye ne-surfactants eqhelekileyo. Ngo-2002, u-Zana [15] uphande isiphumo samaqela adibanisayo ahlukeneyo kwindlela yokuziphatha edibeneyo ye-Gemini Surfactants kwisisombululo se-aqueous, umsebenzi oqhubela phambili kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kwee-surfactants kwaye wawubaluleke kakhulu. Kamva, uQiu et al wavelisa indlela entsha yokwenziwa kweGemini Surfactants equlethe izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo ezisekelwe kwi-cetyl bromide kunye ne-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxymethyl-1,2,4-triazole, eyaphucula ngakumbi indlela Gemini Surfactant synthesis. |
Uphando kwi-Gemini Surfactants e-China luqale emva kwexesha; in 1999, Jianxi Zhao evela Fuzhou University wenza uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo yophando lwangaphandle Gemini Surfactants waza watsala ingqalelo amaziko amaninzi ophando e China. Emva koko, uphando kwi-Gemini Surfactants e-China yaqala ukuchuma kwaye yafumana iziphumo ezineziqhamo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi bazinikele ekuphuhliseni iGemini Surfactants entsha kunye nophononongo lweempawu zabo ezinxulumene ne-physicochemical. Kwangaxeshanye, izicelo zeGemini Surfactants ziye zaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe kwimimandla yokuvala inzala kunye ne-antibacterial, ukuveliswa kokutya, ukukhupha amagwebu kunye nokuthintela amagwebu, ukukhutshwa kancinci kweziyobisi kunye nokucoca ishishini. Ngokusekelwe ekubeni amaqela e-hydrophilic kwiimolekyuli ze-surfactant ahlawuliswa okanye cha kunye nohlobo lwentlawulo abayithwalayo, i-Gemini Surfactants inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo alandelayo: i-cationic, i-anionic, i-nonionic kunye ne-amphoteric Gemini Surfactants. Phakathi kwazo, i-cationic Gemini Surfactants ngokubanzi ibhekisela kwi-quaternary ammonium okanye i-ammonium ityuwa ye-Gemini Surfactants, i-anionic Gemini Surfactants ikakhulu ibhekisela kwi-Gemini Surfactants apho amaqela e-hydrophilic ayi-sulfonic acid, i-phosphate kunye ne-carboxylic acid, ngelixa i-nonionic Gemini Surfactants ininzi i-polyoxyethylene Surfactants.
1.1 Ii-Cationic Gemini Surfactants
I-Cationic Gemini Surfactants inokwahlula ii-cations kwizisombululo ezinamanzi, ikakhulu i-ammonium kunye ne-quaternary ammonium salt Gemini Surfactants. I-Cationic Gemini Surfactants ine-biodegradability elungileyo, i-decontamination eyomeleleyo, iipropathi zekhemikhali ezizinzile, ubutyhefu obuphantsi, ulwakhiwo olulula, ulwakhiwo olulula, ukwahlukana ngokulula kunye nokucocwa, kwaye zineempawu ze-bactericidal, i-anticorrosion, iipropathi ezichasayo kunye nokuthamba.
I-quaternary ammonium ityuwa-based Gemini Surfactants zilungiswa ngokubanzi ukusuka kwi-tertiary amines ngokusabela kwe-alkylation. Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: enye kukuba i-quaternize i-dibromo-substituted alkanes kunye ne-single-long-chain alkyl dimethyl tertiary amines; enye i-quaternize i-1-bromo-substituted long-chain alkanes kunye ne-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl alkyl diamines kunye ne-anhydrous ethanol njenge-solvent kunye ne-reflux yokufudumeza. Nangona kunjalo, i-dibromo-substituted alkanes zibiza kakhulu kwaye ziqhele ukwenziwa ngendlela yesibini, kwaye i-reaction equation iboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
1.2 I-Anionic Gemini Surfactants
I-Anionic Gemini Surfactants inokwahlula iianion kwisisombululo esinamanzi, ikakhulu i-sulfonates, iityuwa zesulfate, ii-carboxylates kunye ne-phosphate salts uhlobo lweGemini Surfactants. I-Anionic surfactants ineempawu ezingcono ezifana nokususa ukungcola, ukuphosa amagwebu, ukusasazwa, ukufakwa kwe-emulsification kunye nokumanzisa, kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto zokucoca, ii-agent ezikhupha ugwebu, ii-agent zokumanzisa, i-emulsifiers kunye ne-dispersants.
1.2.1 IiSulfonates
I-Sulfonate-based biosurfactants inenzuzo yokunyibilika kakuhle kwamanzi, ukumanzisa okulungileyo, ubushushu obulungileyo kunye nokumelana netyuwa, ukucocwa okulungileyo, kunye nokukwazi ukusabalalisa okunamandla, kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto zokucoca, ii-agent ezikhupha amagwebu, ii-agent zokumanzisa, i-emulsifiers, kunye ne-dispersants kwi-petroleum; ishishini lamalaphu, kunye nemichiza esetyenziswa mihla le ngenxa yobuninzi bemithombo yezinto ezisetyenziswayo, iinkqubo ezilula zokuvelisa, kunye neendleko eziphantsi. U-Li et al wenze uthotho lwe-dialkyl disulfonic acid entsha ye-Gemini Surfactants (2Cn-SCT), i-surfactant ye-sulfonate-type baryonic surfactant, isebenzisa i-trichloramine, i-aliphatic amine kunye ne-taurine njengezinto eziluhlaza kwi-reaction yamanyathelo amathathu.
1.2.2 Iityuwa zesulfate
Iityuwa zesulfate ester salts surfactants zineengenelo zokuxinezeleka komphezulu ophantsi kakhulu, umsebenzi omphezulu ophezulu, ukunyibilika kakuhle kwamanzi, umthombo obanzi wemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye nokudibanisa okulula. Ikwanayo nokusebenza kakuhle kokuhlamba kunye nokukwazi ukugwebu, ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kumanzi anzima, kunye neetyuwa ze-sulfate ester zingathathi hlangothi okanye zine-alkaline kancinane kwisisombululo samanzi. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 3, i-Sun Dong et al isebenzise i-lauric acid kunye ne-polyethylene glycol njengezona zixhobo eziphambili kunye ne-sulfate ester bond ngokutshintsha, i-esterification kunye neempendulo zokongezwa, ngaloo ndlela idibanisa i-sulfate ester yetyuwa yohlobo lwe-baryonic surfactant-GA12-S-12.
1.2.3 Iityuwa ze-Carboxylic acid
I-Carboxylate-based Gemini Surfactants zihlala zithambile, ziluhlaza, zinokubola ngokulula kwaye zinomthombo otyebileyo wezinto eziluhlaza zendalo, iipropathi zetsimbi eziphezulu ze-chelating, ukumelana namanzi aqinileyo kunye nokusasazwa kwesepha ye-calcium, iipropathi ezintle zokugwebu kunye nokumanzisa, kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumayeza. amalaphu, imichiza emihle kunye neminye imimandla. Ukwaziswa kwamaqela e-amide kwii-biosurfactants esekwe kwi-carboxylate kunokuphucula ukubola kwe-biodegradability yeemolekyuli ze-surfactant kwaye zibenze zibe nokumanzisa okulungileyo, i-emulsification, i-dispersion kunye ne-decontamination properties. U-Mei et al udibanise i-carboxylate-based baryonic surfactant CGS-2 equlethe amaqela e-amide esebenzisa i-dodecylamine, i-dibromoethane kunye ne-anhydride ye-succinic njengezinto eziphathekayo.
1.2.4 Iityuwa zephosphate
I-Phosphate ester ityuwa yohlobo lweGemini I-Surfactants inesakhiwo esifanayo kwi-phospholipids yendalo kwaye ijwayele ukwenza izakhiwo ezifana ne-reverse micelles kunye ne-vesicles. I-Phosphate ester ityuwa yohlobo lweGemini Surfactants isetyenziswe ngokubanzi njengee-antistatic agents kunye ne-detergents yokuhlamba impahla, ngelixa iipropati zabo eziphezulu ze-emulsification kunye nokucaphuka okuncinci kubangele ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokubanzi kukhathalelo lobuqu bomntu. Ezinye ii-phosphate esters zinokunqanda umhlaza, i-antitumor kunye ne-antibacterial, kwaye intaphane yamachiza enziwe. I-Phosphate ester ityuwa yohlobo lwe-biosurfactants ineempawu eziphezulu ze-emulsification ze-pesticides kwaye zingasetyenziswa kuphela njenge-antibacterial kunye ne-insecticide kodwa nanjenge-herbicides. UZheng et al wafunda ukudityaniswa kwe-phosphate ester yetyuwa yeGemini Surfactants esuka kwi-P2O5 kunye ne-ortho-quat-based oligomeric diols, enesiphumo esingcono sokumanzisa, iipropathi ezilungileyo ze-antistatic, kunye nenkqubo elula yokudityaniswa kunye neemeko zokusabela kancinci. I-molecular formula ye-potassium phosphate salt baryonic surfactant iboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.
1.3 I-Non-ionic Gemini Surfactants
I-Nonionic Gemini Surfactants ayinakuhlukaniswa kwisisombululo samanzi kwaye ikhona kwifom ye-molecular. Olu hlobo lwe-surfactant ye-baryonic alufundwanga kancinci ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwaye kukho iindidi ezimbini, enye iphuma kwiswekile kwaye enye yi-ether yotywala kunye ne-ether phenol. Ii-Nonionic Gemini Surfactants azikho kwi-ionic state kwisisombululo, ngoko ke zinozinzo oluphezulu, azichatshazelwa lula ngama-electrolyte anamandla, zinobunzima obuhle kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-surfactants, kwaye zine-solubility efanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, i-nonionic surfactants ineepropathi ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-detergency elungileyo, i-dispersibility, i-emulsification, igwebu, ukumanzisa, ipropathi ye-antistatic kunye nokuvala inzala, kwaye inokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimiba eyahlukeneyo efana nezitshabalalisi kunye neengubo. Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 5, kwi-2004, uFitzGerald et al synthesized polyoxyethylene esekelwe kwi-Gemini Surfactants (i-nonionic surfactants), isakhiwo sayo sichazwe njenge (Cn-2H2n-3CH2O (CH2CH2O) mH) 2 (CH2) 6 (okanye iGemnEm).
02 Iimpawu zePhysicochemical zeGemini Surfactants
2.1 Umsebenzi weeGemini Surfactants
Eyona ndlela ilula nethe ngqo yokuvavanya umsebenzi womphezulu wee-surfactants kukulinganisa ukuxinana komphezulu wezisombululo zabo ezinamanzi. Ngokomgaqo, ama-surfactants anciphisa ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wesisombululo ngokuhlelwa okujoliswe kumphezulu (umda) kwindiza (Umfanekiso 1 (c)). I-concentration ye-micelle ebalulekileyo (i-CMC) ye-Gemini Surfactants ingaphezulu kwee-odolo ezimbini zobukhulu obuncinci kwaye ixabiso le-C20 liphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-surfactants eqhelekileyo enezakhiwo ezifanayo. Imolekyuli ye-baryonic surfactant inamaqela amabini e-hydrophilic ayinceda igcine ukunyibilika kakuhle kwamanzi ngelixa inamatyathanga amade e-hydrophobic. Kwi-interface yamanzi / yomoya, ii-surfactants eziqhelekileyo zicwangciswe ngokukhululekileyo ngenxa yesiphumo sokumelana nendawo yendawo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kweentlawulo ezilinganayo kwiimolekyuli, ngaloo ndlela zenza buthathaka amandla abo okunciphisa uxinzelelo lwamanzi. Ngokwahlukileyo, amaqela anxibelelanayo eGemini Surfactants adityaniswe ngokudibeneyo ukuze umgama phakathi kwamaqela amabini e-hydrophilic ugcinwe ngaphakathi kuluhlu oluncinci (uncinci kakhulu kunomgama phakathi kwamaqela e-hydrophilic ye-surfactants eqhelekileyo), okukhokelela kumsebenzi ongcono we-Gemini Surfactants at. umphezulu (umda).
2.2 Ubume beNdibano yeeGemini Surfactants
Kwizisombululo ezinamanzi, njengoko ukuxinwa kwe-baryonic surfactant kwanda, iimolekyuli zayo zihlutha umphezulu wesisombululo, ezithi zinyanzelise ezinye iimolekyuli ukuba zifudukele ngaphakathi kwisisombululo ukuze zenze iimicelles. Ugxininiso apho i-surfactant iqala khona ukwenza ii-micelles kuthiwa yiCritical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 9, emva kokuba ugxininiso lukhulu kune-CMC, ngokungafaniyo nee-surfactants eziqhelekileyo ezidibanisa ukwenza i-micelles engqukuva, i-Gemini Surfactants ivelisa iindidi ze-micelle morphologies, ezifana ne-linear kunye ne-bilayer izakhiwo, ngenxa yeempawu zabo zesakhiwo. Umahluko kubungakanani bemicelle, imilo kunye ne-hydration inefuthe elithe ngqo kwisigaba sokuziphatha kunye neempawu zerheological zesisombululo, kwaye zikhokelela kutshintsho kwi-viscoelasticity yesisombululo. Ii-surfactants eziqhelekileyo, ezifana ne-anionic surfactants (SDS), zihlala zenza ii-micelles ezingqukuva, eziphantse zingabi nampembelelo kwi-viscosity yesisombululo. Nangona kunjalo, ulwakhiwo olukhethekileyo lweGemini Surfactants lukhokelela ekwakhiweni kwe-micelle morphology entsonkothileyo kwaye iipropathi zezisombululo zabo ezinamanzi zahluke kakhulu kwezo ziqhelekileyo ze-surfactants. I-viscosity yezisombululo ze-aqueous ze-Gemini Surfactants zinyuka ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-Gemini Surfactants, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba i-micelles edibeneyo eyenziweyo idibanisa kwisakhiwo esifana newebhu. Nangona kunjalo, i-viscosity yesisombululo iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-surfactant concentration, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo sewebhu kunye nokwakhiwa kwezinye izakhiwo ze-micelle.
03 Iipropati ze-Antimicrobial ze-Gemini Surfactants
Njengohlobo lwe-agent ye-antimicrobial ephilayo, indlela ye-antimicrobial ye-baryonic surfactant ikakhulu kukuba idibanisa ne-anion kumphezulu we-cell membrane we-microorganisms okanye isabelana namaqela e-sulfhydryl ukuphazamisa ukuveliswa kweeprotheni kunye ne-membrane yeseli, ngaloo ndlela itshabalalisa izicubu ze-microbial ukuze zithintele. okanye ukubulala iintsholongwane.
3.1 Iimpawu ze-Antimicrobial ze-anionic Gemini Surfactants
Iipropathi ze-antimicrobial ze-antimicrobial anionic surfactants zimiselwa ubukhulu becala yimo ye-antimicrobial moieties abayiphetheyo. Kwizisombululo ze-colloidal ezifana ne-latexes yendalo kunye neengubo, amatyathanga e-hydrophilic abopha kwii-disperss ezinyibilikayo zamanzi, kwaye amatyathanga e-hydrophobic aya kubophelela kwi-hydrophobic dispersions nge-adsorption ye-directional, ngaloo ndlela iguqula ujongano lwamanqanaba amabini lube yifilimu eshinyeneyo ye-molecular interfacial film. Amaqela okuthintela iibhaktheriya kulo maleko axineneyo akhuselayo athintela ukukhula kweebhaktheriya.
Indlela yokuvinjwa kwebhaktheriya ye-anionic surfactants yahluke kakhulu kuleyo ye-cationic surfactants. I-bacterial inhibition ye-anionic surfactants ihambelana nenkqubo yabo yesisombululo kunye namaqela okuthintela, ngoko ke olu hlobo lwe-surfactant lunokulinganiselwa. Olu hlobo lwe-surfactant kufuneka lube khona kumanqanaba aneleyo ukuze i-surfactant ibe khona kuzo zonke iikona zenkqubo ukuvelisa i-microbicidal effect efanelekileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, olu hlobo lwe-surfactant alunayo indawo kunye nokujolisa, okungabangeli nje inkunkuma engadingekile, kodwa kudala ukuchasana ngexesha elide.
Njengomzekelo, i-alkyl sulfonate-based biosurfactants isetyenzisiwe kunyango lweklinikhi. I-Alkyl sulfonates, njenge-Busulfan kunye ne-Treosulfan, ngokuyininzi iphatha izifo ze-myeloproliferative, ezenza ukuvelisa ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-guanine kunye ne-ureapurine, ngelixa olu tshintsho alukwazi ukulungiswa ngokuhlolwa kweselula, okubangelwa ukufa kweeseli ze-apoptotic.
3.2 Iimpawu ze-Antimicrobial ze-cationic Gemini Surfactants
Uhlobo oluphambili lwe-cationic Gemini Surfactants ephuhlisiwe yi-quaternary ammonium ityuwa yohlobo lweGemini Surfactants. Quaternary ammonium uhlobo cationic Gemini Surfactants isiphumo eyomeleleyo bactericidal kuba kukho imixokelelwane hydrophobic elide alkane in quaternary ammonium uhlobo baryonic surfactant iimolekyuli, kunye namatyathanga hydrophobic enze adsorption hydrophobic kunye nodonga lweseli (peptidoglycan); kwangaxeshanye, ziqulathe ii-ion ezimbini zenitrogen ezichajiwe kakuhle, eziza kukhuthaza ukunyuswa kweemolekyuli ze-surfactant kumphezulu weebhaktheriya ezihlawuliswa kakubi, kwaye ngokungena kunye nokusabalalisa, amatyathanga e-hydrophobic angena ngokunzulu kwi-Bacterial cell membrane lipid layer, ukutshintsha Ukungena kwe-membrane yeseli, okukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwebhaktheriya, ukongeza kumaqela e-hydrophilic nzulu kwiprotheni, ekhokelela ekuphulukaneni nomsebenzi we-enzyme kunye ne-protein denaturation, ngenxa yempembelelo edibeneyo yezi ziphumo zimbini, ukwenza i-fungicide ibe ne- isiphumo esinamandla se-bactericidal.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokwembono yendalo esingqongileyo, aba basebenzi be-surfactants banomsebenzi we-hemolytic kunye ne-cytotoxicity, kwaye ixesha elide lokuqhagamshelana nezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kunye ne-biodegradation inokunyusa ubuthi babo.
3.3 Iimpawu ze-Antibacterial ze-nonionic Gemini Surfactants
Okwangoku kukho iindidi ezimbini ze-nonionic Gemini Surfactants, enye iphuma kwiswekile kwaye enye yi-alcohol ether kunye ne-phenol ether.
I-antibacterial mechanism ye-biosurfactants ephuma kwi-sugar-derived isekelwe kwi-affinity yee-molecule, kunye ne-sugar-derived surfactants inokubophelela kwii-membrane zeseli, eziqulethe inani elikhulu le-phospholipids. Xa ingxinano ye-sugar derivatives surfactants ifikelela kwinqanaba elithile, itshintsha ukufikeleleka kwenwebu yeseli, yenze iipores kunye nemijelo ye-ion, echaphazela ukuthuthwa kwezondlo kunye notshintshiselwano lwegesi, okubangela ukuphuma kwemixholo kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekufeni kolwelo. ibhaktiriya.
Indlela yokulwa ne-antibacterial ye-phenolic kunye ne-alcohol ethers i-antimicrobial agents isebenze kudonga lweseli okanye i-membrane yeseli kunye ne-enzymes, ukuthintela imisebenzi ye-metabolic kunye nokuphazamisa imisebenzi yokuvuselela. Umzekelo, iziyobisi ezilwa neentsholongwane ze-diphenyl ethers kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo (phenols) zintywiliselwa kwiiseli zebhaktiriya okanye zentsholongwane kwaye zisebenze ngodonga lweseli kunye ne-membrane yeseli, zithintela isenzo kunye nokusebenza kwee-enzymes ezinxulumene nokudityaniswa kwe-nucleic acid kunye neeproteni. ukukhula kunye nokuzala kweebhaktheriya. Ikwakhubaza imisebenzi ye-metabolic kunye nokuphefumla kwee-enzymes ngaphakathi kweebhaktheriya, ezithi zisilele.
3.4 Iipropati ze-Antibacterial ze-amphoteric Gemini Surfactants
I-Amphoteric Gemini Surfactants yiklasi ye-surfactants ene-cations kunye nee-anions kwisakhiwo sabo se-molecular, i-ionize kwisisombululo se-aqueous, kwaye ibonise iimpawu ze-anionic surfactants kwenye imeko ephakathi kunye ne-cationic surfactants kwenye imeko ephakathi. Indlela yokuthintela ibhaktheriya yee-amphoteric surfactants ayiquki, kodwa kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba isithintelo sinokufana naso se-quaternary ammonium surfactants, apho i-surfactant ibhengezwa ngokulula kumphezulu webhaktiriya echajiwe kakubi kwaye iphazamisana nemetabolism yebhaktiriya.
3.4.1 Iimpawu ze-Antimicrobial ze-amino acid Gemini Surfactants
I-amino acid yohlobo lwe-baryonic surfactant yi-cationic amphoteric baryonic surfactant eyenziwe ngee-amino acids ezimbini, ngoko ke indlela yayo yokulwa neentsholongwane iyafana naleyo ye-quaternary ammonium ityuwa yodidi lwe-baryonic surfactant. Inxalenye echajiwe kakuhle ye-surfactant itsalwa kwindawo echajiwe kakubi yebhaktheriya okanye intsholongwane yentsholongwane ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwe-electrostatic, kwaye emva koko amatyathanga e-hydrophobic abopha kwi-lipid bilayer, ekhokelela ekuphumeni kwemixholo yeeseli kunye ne-lysis de kube sekufeni. Ineenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kwi-quaternary ammonium-based Surfactants ye-Gemini: i-biodegradability lula, umsebenzi we-hemolytic ophantsi, kunye ne-toxicity ephantsi, ngoko iphuhliswa kwisicelo sayo kwaye intsimi yokusetyenziswa kwayo iyandiswa.
3.4.2 Iimpawu ze-Antibacterial ze-non-amino acid uhlobo lwe-Gemini Surfactants
Uhlobo lwe-non-amino acid i-amphoteric Gemini Surfactants ineentsalela ze-molecular ezisebenzayo eziqulethe zombini amaziko entlawulo angenayo i-ionizable kunye ne-negative. Uhlobo oluphambili lwe-non-amino acid iGemini Surfactants yi-betaine, imidazoline, kunye ne-amine oxide. Ukuthatha uhlobo lwe-betaine njengomzekelo, i-betaine-type amphoteric surfactants inamaqela e-anionic kunye ne-cationic kwiimolekyuli zabo, ezingachatshazelwa lula ziityuwa ze-inorganic kwaye zineziphumo ezingaphezulu kuzo zombini izisombululo ze-acidic kunye ne-alkaline, kunye ne-antimicrobial mechanism ye-cationic Gemini Surfactants. ilandelwe kwizisombululo ze-acidic kunye ne-anionic Gemini Surfactants kwizisombululo ze-alkaline. Ikwanalo nokusebenza okugqwesileyo kokudibanisa kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-surfactants.
04 Isiphelo kunye nenkangeleko
I-Gemini Surfactants iya isetyenziswa kakhulu ebomini ngenxa yesakhiwo sabo esikhethekileyo, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimimandla ye-antibacterial sterilization, ukuveliswa kokutya, ukukhupha amagwebu kunye nokuthintela amagwebu, ukukhupha iziyobisi kunye nokucocwa kwemizi-mveliso. Ngokunyuka kwemfuno yokhuseleko lwendalo esingqongileyo, iiGemini Surfactants ziphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe zibe zii-surfactants ezinobungani bokusingqongileyo kunye nemisebenzi emininzi. Uphando lwexesha elizayo kwi-Gemini Surfactants lunokwenziwa kule miba ilandelayo: ukuphuhlisa i-Gemini Surfactants entsha enezakhiwo ezikhethekileyo kunye nemisebenzi, ngokukodwa ukuqinisa uphando kwi-antibacterial and antiviral; ukudibanisa kunye ne-surfactants eqhelekileyo okanye izongezo zokwenza iimveliso ezinomsebenzi ongcono; kunye nokusebenzisa imathiriyeli ekrwada engabizi kwaye efumaneka lula ukudibanisa iGemini Surfactants ehambelana nokusingqongileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-25-2022