Ngokuqhelekileyo, isigaba esinye se-emulsion ngamanzi okanye isisombululo esinamanzi, esibizwa ngokuba yi-aqueous phase; Esinye isigaba sisigaba sezinto eziphilayo esingenakulinganiswa namanzi, esaziwa njengesigaba seoli.

1, Ukuhlelwa

Iindlela ezintathu zokuhlela:

1. Ihlelwa ngokomthombo: iimveliso zendalo kunye neemveliso zokwenziwa;

2. Ihlelwa ngokobunzima bemolekyuli: i-emulsifiers ephantsi ye-molecular weight (c10-c20) kunye ne-high molecular weight emulsifiers (c amawaka);

3. Ngokumalunga nokuba ingaba i-ionize kwisisombululo se-aqueous, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-ionic type (anions, cations, and anions and cations) kunye nohlobo lwe-non-ionic.

Le yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokuhlela.

 

2. Umsebenzi kunye nomgaqo we-emulsifiers

Umsebenzi ophambili we-emulsifiers kukunciphisa ukutsalwa komphezulu wolwelo olubini oluqingqwayo. Ke ngoko, xa ii-surfactants zisetyenziswa njenge-emulsifiers, esinye isiphelo seqela labo le-hydrophobic libhengeza kumphezulu wamasuntswana olwelo anganyibilikiyo (afana ne-oyile), ngelixa iqela le-hydrophilic lisondela emanzini. I-surfactants ilungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo kumphezulu wamasuntswana olwelo ukwenza ifilimu ye-hydrophilic adsorption (ifilimu ye-interfacial), ukuze kuncitshiswe umtsalane phakathi kwamathontsi, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu phakathi kwezigaba ezibini, kunye nokukhuthaza ukusasazeka okufanayo ukwenza i-emulsions.

Ukuxinwa kwe-surfactant kunempembelelo ngqo kumandla obuso bemaski yobuso. Ngoxinaniso oluphezulu, zininzi iimolekyuli ze-surfactant ezibhengezwe kumda wojongano, zenza imaski yobuso eshinyeneyo neyomeleleyo.

Ii-emulsifiers ezahlukeneyo zineempembelelo ezahlukeneyo zokumilisela, kwaye isixa esifunekayo ukufezekisa isiphumo sokumiliselwa kwe-emulsification sikwahluka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, okukhona amandla emolekyuli eemulsifier enza isigqubuthelo sobuso somda, kokukhona ephakama amandla efilim, kokukhona isithambiso sizinze ngakumbi; Ngokuchasene noko, amandla amancinci, aphantsi amandla efilimu, kwaye i-emulsion ingazinzile.

Xa kukho iimolekyuli ze-polar organic ezifana ne-fatty alcohol, i-fatty acid kunye ne-amine enamafutha kwi-mask yobuso, amandla e-membrane aphuculwe kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier zinxibelelana neemolekyuli zepolar ezifana ne-alcohol, i-asidi kunye ne-amine kulwaleko lwe-adsorption yojongano ukwenza intaphane, eyonyusa amandla ojongano lwemaski yobuso.

I-emulsifier eyenziwe ngabadlali abangaphezulu kwesibini sisiminyinyili esixutyiweyo. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana okuqinileyo phakathi kweeamolekyuli, ukunyanzeliswa kobuso kuncitshiswe kakhulu, inani le-emulsifier ebhengeziweyo kwi-interface yanda kakhulu, kwaye ukuxinana kunye namandla e-mask yobuso obudibeneyo buyanda.

Ngethuba lokuqulunqwa kwe-emulsion, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-interfacial phakathi kweoli kunye namanzi kuyancipha kakhulu ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-surfactants, kwaye iba yi-emulsion ezinzileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho ukunyanzeliswa kwe-oyile-amanzi kwi-emulsion engakwazi ukufikelela kwi-zero ngenxa ye-CMC okanye izithintelo zokunyibilika. Ke ngoko, i-lotion yinkqubo engazinzanga ye-thermodynamic.

Uxinzelelo phakathi kweoli kunye namanzi emulsion encinci iphantsi kangangokuba ayinakulinganiswa. Yinkqubo ezinzileyo ye-thermodynamic. Oku kuphunyezwa ikakhulu ngokudibanisa uhlobo lwesibini lwe-surfactant eneempawu ezahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo (ezifana neealkoholi ezinobungakanani obuphakathi njengepentanol, ihexanol, neheptanol, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-co surfactants), ezinokuthi zinciphise ngakumbi ukutsalwa kobuso ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci kakhulu, kude kubangele amaxabiso angalunganga ngoko nangoko. Oku kunokuchazwa yi-equation ye-adsorption ye-Gibbs kwiinkqubo zamacandelo amaninzi.

 

3, Uhlobo lwe-emulsion

Uhlobo

I-emulsion eqhelekileyo , esinye isigaba samanzi okanye isisombululo esinamanzi, kwaye enye yinto ephilayo engaxutywanga ngamanzi, njengegrisi, i-wax, njl.emulsion eyenziwe ngamanzi kunye neoli inokwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezintathu:

(a) I-oyile kudidi lwamanzi (O'W)
(e) Ubisi oludityanisiweyo (W/O/W)
(b) I-oyile kudidi lwamanzi (W/O)

(1) Ioli / amanzi (0 / W) emulsion, ioli ihlakazekile emanzini. I-oyile yisigaba esihlakaziweyo (isigaba sangaphakathi), kwaye amanzi sisigaba esiqhubekayo (isigaba sangaphandle) ioli kwi-emulsion yamanzi, enokuthi ihlanjululwe ngamanzi. Njengobisi, ubisi lwesoya, njl.

(2) Amanzi / ioli (W / 0) emulsion, amanzi ahlakazwe kwioli. Amanzi sisigaba esisasazekayo (isigaba sangaphakathi) kwaye i-oyile sisigaba esiqhubekayo (isigaba sangaphandle) samanzi kwi-emulsion yeoli. Olu hlobo lwe-emulsion lunokuhlanjululwa ngeoli. Njengebhotolo eyenziweyo, ioli ekrwada, njl.

3 i-oyile endala.

 

Indlela yokujonga uhlobo lwe-emulsion

(1) Indlela yokucoca

Nciphisa i-emulsion ngolwelo olufanayo njengesigaba esiqhubekayo. I-emulsion yamanzi e-soluble yi-oyile / uhlobo lwamanzi, kwaye i-emulsion e-soluble yeoli ngamanzi / uhlobo lweoli.
Ngokomzekelo, ubisi lunokuhlanjululwa ngamanzi, kodwa alunakuxutywa neoli yemifuno. Kuyabonakala ukuba ubisi yi-emulsion ye-O/W.

(2) Indlela yokuqhuba

I-conductivity yamanzi kunye neoli ihluke kakhulu, kwaye ukuqhutyelwa kwe-emulsion yeoli / amanzi ngamakhulu amaxesha amakhulu kunawo amanzi / ioli. Ngoko ke, i-electrode ezimbini zifakwe kwi-emulsion kwaye i-neon ixhunyiwe kwi-series kwi-loop, kwaye ukukhanya kweoli / amanzi kuvuliwe.

(3) Indlela yokucoca

Yongeza i-2-3 amaconsi e-oyile-based okanye i-dyes-based dyes kwi-tube yokuvavanya, kwaye ugwebe uhlobo lwe-emulsion ngokubhekiselele kuluphi uhlobo lwedayi olunokwenza isigaba esiqhubekayo sibe nombala.

(4) Indlela yokumanzisa iphepha lokuhluza

Lahla i-lotion kwiphepha lokuhluza. Ukuba i-liquid inokwandisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ithontsi encinci ishiywe phakathi, i-lotion ioli emanzini; ukuba i-lotion amathontsi awandi, i-oyile kuhlobo lwamanzi.

(5) Indlela ye-Optical refraction

Isalathiso esahlukileyo samanzi kunye neoli ekukhanyeni sisetyenziselwa ukuchonga uhlobo lwe-emulsion. Ukuba i-emulsion ioli emanzini, iinqununu zidlala indima yokuqokelela ukukhanya, kwaye kuphela umgca osekhohlo weengqungquthela unokubonwa nge-microscope; Ukuba i-emulsion ngamanzi kwioli, iinqununu zidlala indima ye-astigmatism, kwaye kuphela umgca ochanekileyo weengqungquthela unokubonwa nge-microscope;

Izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela uhlobo lwe-emulsion

(1)Inqanaba lomthamo:

Ithiyori yomthamo wesigaba yacetywa ngu-0stwald ukusuka kumbono wejometri. Imbono yeyokuba kuqikelelwa ukuba amaso elulwelo lweloshini alingana nobukhulu obufanayo kunye neengqukuva eziqinileyo, iqhezu lomthamo wesigaba samaso angamanzi anokuthi enze kuphela i-74.02% yomthamo opheleleyo xa epakishwe kakhulu. Ukuba umthamo wesigaba senani elidityanisiweyo lamaso olwelo likhulu kune-74.02%, iloshini iya konakala okanye yonakaliswe.

A
(b) Amathontsi angalinganiyo emulsion eshinyeneyo
(c) Amathontsi olwelo angengongqukuva afuna ukupakishwa kunye ne-emulsion (engazinzanga)

Thatha i-emulsion yohlobo lwe-O / W njengomzekelo, ukuba inani elidibeneyo le-oyile yesigaba likhulu kune-74.02%, i-emulsion inokwenza uhlobo lwe-W / 0 kuphela, xa uhlobo lwe-O / i lungaphantsi kwe-25.98%, kwaye xa i-fraction i-25.98% -74.02%, ingenza nokuba yi-0 / W okanye uhlobo lwe-W0.

 

Ulwakhiwo lweMolekyuli kunye neePropati zeZifanisi-Ithiyori yeWedge

Ithiyori ye-wedge isekelwe kwisakhiwo sesithuba se-emulsifiers ukumisela uhlobo lwe-emulsion. Ithiyori ye-wedge icebisa ukuba iindawo ezinqamlezayo zamaqela e-hydrophilic kunye ne-hydrophobic kwi-emulsifiers azilingani. Iimolekyuli ze-emulsifiers zibonwa njenge-wedges, kunye nesiphelo esikhulu kunye nesinye esincinci. Isiphelo esincinci se-emulsifier sinokufakwa kumphezulu we-droplet njenge-wedge kwaye ihlelwe ngendlela eyalathisiweyo kwi-interface yamanzi yeoli. Isiphelo sepolar se-hydrophilic sidlulela kwisigaba samanzi, ngelixa i-lipophilic hydrocarbon chain idlulela kwisigaba seoli, okukhokelela ekunyuseni kwamandla okudibanisa ubuso.

 

Impembelelo yeMathiriyeli ye-Emulsifier kuHlobo lwe-emulsion

Ukongeza kwimpembelelo yezinto ezifana ne-emulsion yokwakheka kwezinto kunye neemeko zokwenza i-emulsion, iimeko zangaphandle nazo zinefuthe kuhlobo lwe-emulsion. Ngokomzekelo, uhlobo lwe-hydrophilic kunye ne-lipophilic yodonga lwe-emulsion lunamandla, kwaye i-emulsion ye-O / W ilula ukwenza xa i-hydrophilic yodonga lwe-emulsion yomelele, ngelixa i-emulsion ye-W / 0 ilula ukwenza xa i-lipophilic yodonga lwe-emulsion yomelele. Isizathu kukuba i-liquid idinga ukugcina umgca wesigaba esiqhubekayo eludongeni, ukwenzela ukuba akulula ukuba uhlakazwe kwimibhobho yamanzi xa uvuselela. I-Glass i-hydrophilic ngelixa iplastiki i-hydrophobic, ngoko yangaphambili ilungele ukwenza i-emulsions ye-O / W ngelixa i-emulsion yokugqibela ilungele ukwenza i-emulsions ye-W / 0.

 

Ithiyori ye-Aggregation Velocity yeZigaba eZibini

Ithiyori isantya coalescence iqala ukusuka ifuthe isantya coalescence iintlobo ezimbini amathontsi ezenza emulsion kwi emulsion, kwaye abagwebi ukuba isantya coalescence iintlobo ezimbini amathontsi ixhomekeke isantya coalescence ezi ntlobo zimbini zamathontsi xa emulsion, ukrebe, kwaye abulale kunye ukugubungela imfuno.

 

Ubushushu

Ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kuya kunciphisa i-hydration degree yamaqela e-hydrophilic, ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa i-hydrophilicity yee-molecule. Ngoko ke, i-emulsion ye-0 / w eyenziwe kumaqondo okushisa aphantsi inokuguqula ibe yi-emulsion ye-W / 0 xa ishushu. Olu tshintsho lobushushu liqondo lobushushu apho iipropathi ze-hydrophilic kunye ne-lipophilic ze-surfactant zifikelela kwi-equilibrium efanelekileyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-PIT yenguqu yesigaba sobushushu.

Nangona kunjalo, xa ugxininiso lwe-emulsifier lukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukoyisa impembelelo yepropathi yokumanzisa ye-emulsifier material, uhlobo lwe-emulsion eyenziwe kuphela luxhomekeke kubume be-emulsifier ngokwayo kwaye ayinanto yakwenza ne-hydrophilicity kunye ne-lipophilicity yodonga lomkhumbi.