1. Uxinzelelo lobuso
Amandla okucutheka ngobude beyunithi nganye kumphezulu wolwelo kuthiwa yingcinezelo yomphezulu, elinganiswa nge-N • m-1.
2. Umsebenzi womphezulu kunye ne-surfactant
Ipropathi enokunciphisa ukuxinana komphezulu wezinyibilikisi ibizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi womphezulu, kwaye izinto ezinomsebenzi womphezulu zibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezisebenza phezulu.
I-Surfactant ibhekisa kwizinto ezisebenzayo ezinokuthi zenze ii-micelles kunye nezinye ii-aggregates kwizisombululo ezinamanzi, ezinomsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu, kwaye zibe nokumanzisa, ukumilisela, ukukhupha amagwebu, ukuhlamba, kunye neminye imisebenzi.
3. Iimpawu ze-molecular structural of surfactant
I-Surfactant yi-organic compounds enezakhiwo ezikhethekileyo kunye neepropati ezinokuguqula ngokuphawulekayo ukunyanzeliswa kwe-interfacial phakathi kwezigaba ezibini okanye ukuxinana komphezulu wolwelo (ngokuqhelekileyo amanzi), kwaye zineempawu ezifana nokumanzisa, ukukhupha amagwebu, i-emulsification, kunye nokuhlamba.
Ngokuthetha ngokwesakhiwo, ii-surfactants zabelana ngophawu olufanayo lokuqulatha amaqela amabini ahlukeneyo asebenzayo kwiimolekyuli zabo. Esinye isiphelo liqela elide le-non-polar elinyibilikayo kwioli kodwa elinganyibilikiyo emanzini, elaziwa njengeqela le-hydrophobic okanye iqela le-hydrophobic. La maqela hydrophobic ngokubanzi hydrocarbons elide-chain, ngamanye amaxesha kwakhona organic fluorine, organosilicon, organophosphorus, organotin amatyathanga, njl. Iqela le-hydrophilic kufuneka libe ne-hydrophilicity eyaneleyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke i-surfactant i-soluble emanzini kwaye ine-solubility efunekayo. Ngenxa yobukho bamaqela e-hydrophilic kunye ne-hydrophobic kwi-surfactants, banokuchithwa ubuncinane kwisigaba esinye sesigaba solwelo. Iimpawu ze-hydrophilic kunye ne-oleophilic ze-surfactants zibizwa ngokuba yi-amphiphilicity.
4.Iintlobo zee-surfactants
I-surfactants yi-amphiphilic molekyuli ezinamaqela amabini e-hydrophobic kunye ne-hydrophilic. Amaqela hydrophobic of surfactants ngokubanzi aqulunqwe hydrocarbons elide-chain, ezifana chain tye alkyl C8-C20, branched chain alkyl C8-C20, alkylphenyl (kunye 8-16 alkyyl athom carbon), njl Umahluko kumaqela hydrophobic ikakhulu ilele kwi-carbon structuralins, kunye ne-carbon structuralins, kunye ne-carbon structuralins, kunye ne-carbon structuralins. iintlobo ezininzi amaqela hydrophilic. Ke ngoko, iipropathi ze-surfactants zinxulumene ikakhulu namaqela e-hydrophilic ukongeza kubungakanani kunye nokuma kwamaqela e-hydrophobic. Utshintsho lwesakhiwo samaqela e-hydrophilic lukhulu kunezo zamaqela e-hydrophobic, ngoko ke ukuhlelwa kwee-surfactants ngokuqhelekileyo kusekelwe kwisakhiwo samaqela e-hydrophilic. Olu lwahlulo lusekwe ikakhulu ekubeni ngaba amaqela e-hydrophilic ayi-ionic, ahlulahlule kwi-anionic, i-cationic, i-nonionic, i-zwitterionic, kunye nezinye iindidi ezikhethekileyo ze-surfactants.
5. Iimpawu zesisombululo se-aqueous se-surfactant
① Ukufakwa kwee-surfactants kwi-interface
Iimolekyuli ze-surfactant zinamaqela e-lipophilic kunye ne-hydrophilic, ezenza iimolekyuli ze-amphiphilic. Amanzi lulwelo olulunxwemeni olunamandla. Xa ii-surfactants zinyibilika emanzini, ngokomgaqo wokufana kwe-polarity kunye ne-polarity difference repulsion, amaqela abo e-hydrophilic atsalwa kwinqanaba lamanzi kwaye anyibilike emanzini, ngelixa amaqela abo e-lipophilic agxotha amanzi kwaye ashiye amanzi. Ngenxa yoko, iimolekyuli ze-surfactant (okanye i-ion) zibhengeza kwi-interface phakathi kwezigaba ezibini, ukunciphisa ukuxinana kobuso phakathi kwezigaba ezibini. Iimolekyuli ezininzi ze-surfactant (okanye ii-ion) zibhengezwa kwi-interface, kokukhona ukuncipha koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.
② Ezinye iimpawu ze-adsorption inwebu
Uxinzelelo lomphezulu we-adsorption membrane: I-surfactants i-adsorb kwi-gas-liquid interface ukwenza inwebu ye-adsorption. Ukuba ipleyiti edadayo engashukumiyo ibekwe kujongano kwaye ipleyiti edadayo ityhala inwebu ye-adsorption ecaleni komphezulu wesisombululo, inwebu ikhupha uxinzelelo kwipleyiti edadayo, ebizwa ngokuba luxinzelelo lomphezulu.
I-Surface viscosity: Njengoxinzelelo lomphezulu, i-surface viscosity yipropathi eboniswa ngeefilimu zemolekyuli ezinganyibilikiyo. Misa intsimbi yeplatinum ngocingo oluncinci lwentsimbi, yenza inqwelo-moya yayo iqhagamshelane nomgangatho wamanzi we-sink, ujikeleze umsesane weplatinam, iplatinum ithintelwe yi-viscosity yamanzi, kwaye i-amplitude iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe, ngokutsho ukuba i-viscosity yomhlaba inokulinganiswa. Indlela yile: qale wenze iimvavanyo kumphezulu wamanzi acocekileyo, ulinganise i-amplitude attenuation, emva koko ulinganise ukuthomalalisa emva kokubunjwa kwemaski yobuso bobuso, kwaye ubale i-viscosity yobuso bobuso ukusuka kumahluko phakathi kwezi zibini.
Umphezulu we-viscosity uhambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuqina kwemaski yobuso bobuso. Ekubeni ifilimu ye-adsorption inoxinzelelo lomphezulu kunye ne-viscosity, kufuneka ibe yi-elastic. Ukuphakama koxinzelelo lomphezulu kunye ne-viscosity ye-adsorption membrane, inkulu imodyuli ye-elastic. I-elastic modulus yefilimu ye-adsorption ye-surface adsorption ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokuzinzisa ugwebu.
③ Ukwenziwa kweemicelles
Isisombululo se-dilute se-surfactants silandela imithetho yezisombululo ezifanelekileyo. Umthamo we-adsorption we-surfactants kumphezulu wesisombululo uyanda ngokuxinana kwesisombululo. Xa i-concentration ifikelela okanye idlula ixabiso elithile, ixabiso le-adsorption alisayi kunyuka. Ezi molekyuli ze-surfactant ezigqithisileyo kwisisombululo ziphazamisekile okanye zikhona ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Zombini izenzo kunye nethiyori zibonise ukuba zenza ii-aggregates kwisisombululo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-micelles.
I-critical micelle concentration: Ubuncinci boxinzelelo apho ii-surfactants zenza ii-micelles kwisisombululo kuthiwa luxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lwe-micelle.
④ Ixabiso le-CMC le-surfactant eqhelekileyo.
6. Ixabiso le-Hydrophilic kunye ne-oleophilic equilibrium
I-HLB imele i-hydrophilic lipophilic balance, emele ixabiso le-hydrophilic kunye ne-lipophilic equilibrium yamaqela e-hydrophilic kunye ne-lipophilic ye-surfactant, okt ixabiso le-HLB le-surfactant. Ixabiso eliphezulu le-HLB libonisa i-hydrophilicity enamandla kunye ne-lipophilicity ebuthakathaka ye-molecule; Ngokuchasene noko, ine-lipophilicity eyomeleleyo kunye ne-hydrophilicity ebuthathaka.
① Imigaqo kwixabiso leHLB
Ixabiso le-HLB lixabiso elihambelanayo, ngoko ke xa kuqulunqa ixabiso le-HLB, njengomgangatho, ixabiso le-HLB leparafini ngaphandle kweepropati ze-hydrophilic libekwe kwi-0, ngelixa ixabiso le-HLB le-sodium dodecyl sulfate kunye ne-solubility yamanzi eqinile libekwe kwi-40. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iziminyinyili ezinamaxabiso e-HLB angaphantsi kwe-10 ziyi-lipophilic, ngelixa i-emulsifiers enexabiso le-HLB elikhulu kune-10 i-hydrophilic. Ke ngoko, ukuguquka ukusuka kwi-lipophilicity ukuya kwi-hydrophilicity malunga ne-10.
7. I-Emulsification kunye ne-solubilization effects
Amanzi amabini angabonakaliyo, enye eyenziwe ngokusasaza amaqhekeza (amaconsi okanye i-crystals yamanzi) kwenye, ibizwa ngokuba yi-emulsions. Xa usenza i-emulsion, indawo yokudibanisa phakathi kwezinto ezimbini zolwelo iyanda, okwenza inkqubo ye-thermodynamically ingazinzi. Ukuzinzisa i-emulsion, icandelo lesithathu - i-emulsifier - kufuneka yongezwe ukunciphisa amandla e-interfacial yenkqubo. Ii-emulsifiers zeze-surfactants, kwaye umsebenzi wazo ophambili kukusebenza njenge-emulsifiers. Isigaba apho amaconsi akhoyo kwi-emulsion ibizwa ngokuba yi-dispersed phase (okanye isigaba sangaphakathi, isigaba sokuyeka), kwaye esinye isigaba esidityanisiweyo sibizwa ngokuba yi-dispersed medium (okanye isigaba sangaphandle, isigaba esiqhubekayo).
① Izinto zokuthambisa kunye neemulsions
I-emulsions eqhelekileyo iquka isigaba esinye samanzi okanye isisombululo esinamanzi, kunye nesinye isigaba sezinto eziphilayo ezingenakulinganiswa namanzi, ezifana neoli, i-wax, njl. amanzi ahlakazwe kwioli enza amanzi kwi-emulsion yeoli, emelwe yi-W / O (amanzi / ioli). Ukongezelela, amanzi anzima kwioli emanzini W / O / W kunye neoli emanzini kwioli i-O / W / O emulsions nayo inokubumba.
I-emulsifier iqinisa i-emulsion ngokunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kobuso kunye nokwenza imaski yobuso be-monolayer.
Iimfuno ze-emulsifiers kwi-emulsification: a: i-emulsifiers kufuneka ikwazi ukubhengeza okanye ukutyebisa kwi-interface phakathi kwezigaba ezibini, ukunciphisa ukuxinana kobuso; b: I-Emulsifiers kufuneka inike amasuntswana intlawulo yombane, ibangele ukunyanzeliswa kwe-electrostatic phakathi kwamasuntswana okanye yenze ifilimu ekhuselekileyo, ebonakalayo ebonakalayo ejikeleze amasuntswana. Ke, izinto ezisetyenziswa njenge-emulsifiers kufuneka zibe namaqela e-amphiphilic ukuze zibe neziphumo zokumisela, kwaye ii-surfactants zinokuhlangabezana nale mfuneko.
② Ukulungiselela iindlela ze-emulsion kunye nezinto ezichaphazela ukuzinza kwe-emulsion
Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokulungiselela i-emulsions: enye kukusebenzisa iindlela zoomatshini ukusabalalisa ulwelo kwiincinci ezincinci kwelinye ulwelo, olusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwishishini ukulungiselela i-emulsions; Enye indlela kukunyibilikisa ulwelo kwimo yemolekyuli kolunye ulwelo kwaye emva koko uluvumele ukuba ludibane ngokufanelekileyo ukwenza i-emulsion.
Ukuzinza kwe-emulsions kubhekiselele ekukwazini kwabo ukuxhathisa i-particle aggregation kwaye kubangele ukuhlukana kwesigaba. Ii-emulsions ziinkqubo ezingazinzanga ze-thermodynamically ezinamandla amakhulu asimahla. Ngoko ke, ukuzinza kwe-emulsion ngokwenene kubhekisela kwixesha elifunekayo ukuze inkqubo ifikelele kwi-equilibrium, oko kukuthi, ixesha elifunekayo ukuze i-liquid kwinkqubo ihlukane.
Xa kukho iimolekyuli ze-polar organic ezifana ne-fatty alcohol, i-fatty acid kunye ne-amine enamafutha kwimaski yobuso, amandla e-membrane ayanda kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier kwi-interface adsorption layer zisebenzisana neemolekyuli zepolar ezifana ne-alcohol, i-asidi kunye ne-amine ukwenza "i-complex", eyandisa amandla obuso bemaski yobuso.
Ii-emulsifiers ezenziwe ngee-surfactants ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zibizwa ngokuba zi-emulsifiers ezixubeneyo. I-emulsifiers edibeneyo i-adsorb ku-interface yamanzi / yeoli, kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-intermolecular kunokwenza ii-complexes. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana okunamandla kwe-intermolecular, ukunyanzeliswa kobuso kuncitshiswe kakhulu, inani le-emulsifier adsorbed kwi-interface yanda kakhulu, kwaye ukuxinana kunye namandla e-mask yobuso obudibeneyo buyanda.
Ukuhlawulwa kwamaconsi kunempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekuzinzeni kwe-emulsions. I-emulsions ezinzileyo idla ngokuba namathontsi aneentlawulo zombane. Xa usebenzisa i-ionic emulsifiers, i-ion emulsifier adsorbed kwi-interface ifake amaqela abo e-lipophilic kwisigaba seoli, ngelixa amaqela e-hydrophilic akwisigaba samanzi, ngaloo ndlela enze amathontsi ahlawuliswe. Ngenxa yokuba amaconsi e-emulsion athwala intlawulo efanayo, agxotha omnye komnye kwaye awanakuxutywa ngokulula, okubangela ukwanda kozinzo. Kuyabonakala ukuba okukhona i-ion emulsifier ibhengezwa kumathontsi, kokukhona intlawulo yawo inkulu, kwaye kokukhona inamandla okuthintela ukuhlangana kwamathontsi, okwenza inkqubo ye-emulsion izinze ngakumbi.
I-viscosity ye-emulsion dispersion medium inempembelelo ethile ekuzinzeni kwe-emulsion. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-viscosity ephezulu ye-dispersing medium, iphezulu ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-viscosity ye-dispersing medium iphezulu, ethintela kakhulu intshukumo ye-Brownian yamathontsi angamalwelo, icotha ukungqubana phakathi kwamathontsi, kwaye igcina inkqubo izinzile. Izinto zePolymer ezihlala zinyibilika kwi-emulsion zinokunyusa i-viscosity yenkqubo kwaye ziphucule ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. Ukongeza, i-polymer inokwenza imaski yobuso obuqinileyo, yenza inkqubo ye-emulsion izinze ngakumbi.
Kwezinye iimeko, ukongeza umgubo oqinileyo unokuzinzisa i-emulsion. Umgubo oqinileyo awukho emanzini, kwi-oyile okanye kwi-interface, kuxhomekeke kubuchule bokumanzisa i-oyile kunye namanzi kumgubo oqinileyo. Ukuba umgubo oqinileyo awumanziswanga ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi kwaye unokumanziswa ngeoyile, uya kuhlala kujongano lweoyile yamanzi.
Isizathu sokuba i-powder eqinile ingazinzisi i-emulsion kukuba i-powder eqokelelwe kwi-interface ayiqinisekisi i-mask ye-face, efana ne-interface adsorption emulsifier molecules. Ngoko ke, ngokusondeleyo i-powder particles eqinile ihlelwe kwi-interface, i-emulsion iya kuzinza ngakumbi.
I-surfactants inamandla okwandisa kakhulu ukunyibilika kwezinto eziphilayo ezinganyibilikiyo okanye zinyibilike kancinane emanzini emva kokwenza iimicelles kwisisombululo esinamanzi, kwaye isisombululo sisobala ngeli xesha. Esi siphumo seemicelles sibizwa ngokuba yi-solubilization. I-surfactants enokuvelisa iziphumo ze-solubilizing zibizwa ngokuba yi-solubilizers, kunye ne-organic compounds edibeneyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-solubilized compounds.
8. Igwebu
I-Foam idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlamba. Igwebu libhekisa kwinkqubo yokusasazwa apho irhasi isasazwa kulwelo okanye okuqinileyo. Irhasi linqanaba lokusasazwa, kwaye ulwelo okanye okuqinileyo yindlela yokusasaza. Eyangaphambili ibizwa ngokuba ngamagwebu angamagwebu, ngelixa le yokugqibela ibizwa ngokuba yigwebu eliqinileyo, elifana neplastiki yogwebu, iglasi yegwebu, isamente yogwebu, njl.
(1) Ukwenziwa kogwebu
Ugwebu apha lubhekiselele kumanyano lwamaqamza ahlulwe yifilim engamanzi. Ngenxa yomahluko omkhulu wokuxinana phakathi kwesigaba esihlakaziweyo (igesi) kunye ne-dispersed medium (i-liquid), kunye ne-viscosity ephantsi yolwelo, i-foam inokuhlala iphakama kwinqanaba le-liquid ngokukhawuleza.
Inkqubo yokwenza amagwebu kukuzisa isixa esikhulu serhasi kulwelo, kwaye amaqamza akulwelo abuyela kumphezulu wolwelo ngokukhawuleza, enze i-aggregate yeqam ehlulwe sisixa esincinci solwelo kunye negesi.
I-Foam ineempawu ezimbini eziphawulekayo kwi-morphology: enye kukuba amaqamza njengesigaba esisasaziweyo ahlala e-polyhedral, kuba ekudibaneni kwamaqamza, kukho umkhwa wokuba ifilimu yolwelo ibe bhityileyo, isenza amaqamza abe polyhedral. Xa ifilimu yolwelo iba yincinci ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, iibhubhu ziya kuphuka; Okwesibini, ulwelo olusulungekileyo alukwazi ukwenza i-foam ezinzileyo, kodwa ulwelo olunokwenza i-foam lunamacandelo amabini okanye ngaphezulu. Isisombululo samanzi se-surfactant yinkqubo eqhelekileyo elula yokwenza i-foam, kwaye amandla ayo okuvelisa i-foam nayo inxulumene nezinye iipropati.
Ii-surfactants ezinesakhono esilungileyo sokuntywila zibizwa ngokuba zii-agent ezinegwebu. Nangona i-agent ye-foam inekhono elihle le-foam, i-foam eyenziweyo ayinakukwazi ukugcina ixesha elide, oko kukuthi, ukuzinza kwayo kungabi kuhle. Ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza kwe-foam, into enokunyusa ukuzinza kwe-foam isoloko ifakwe kwi-agent agent, ebizwa ngokuba yi-foam stabilizer. Izizinzisi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yilauroyl diethanolamine kunye nedodecyl dimethyl amine oxide.
(2) Ukuzinza kwegwebu
I-Foam yinkqubo engazinzanga ye-thermodynamically, kwaye intsingiselo yokugqibela kukuba ummandla opheleleyo wolwelo kwinkqubo yehla kwaye amandla asimahla ayancipha emva kokuqhekeka kweqamu. Inkqubo yokukhupha amagwebu yinkqubo apho ifilimu yolwelo eyahlula igesi itshintsha ubukhulu ide igqabhuke. Ngoko ke, ukuzinza kwe-foam kunqunywe ngokukodwa ngesantya sokukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye namandla efilimu yolwelo. Kukho ezinye izinto ezininzi ezinempembelelo.
① Uxinzelelo lomphezulu
Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga amandla, ukuxinezeleka okuphantsi komhlaba kukulungele ngakumbi ukubunjwa kwegwebu, kodwa akunakuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwegwebu. Ukuxinezeleka komphezulu ophantsi, umahluko ophantsi woxinzelelo, isantya esicothayo sokukhupha ulwelo, kunye nokucotha kwefilimu yolwelo olucothayo kuluncedo kuzinzo lwegwebu.
② I-viscosity yomhlaba
Into ephambili emisela ukuzinza kwe-foam ngamandla efilimu ye-liquid, eyona nto igqitywe ngokuqiniswa kwefilimu ye-adsorption ye-surface, elinganiswa ne-viscosity yomhlaba. Iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba i-foam eveliswa sisisombululo esine-viscosity ephezulu inobomi obude. Oku kungenxa yokuba intsebenziswano phakathi kweemolekyuli ze-adsorbed phezu komhlaba kukhokelela ekwandeni kwamandla e-membrane, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ubomi be-foam.
③ Isombululo viscosity
Xa i-viscosity ye-liquid ngokwayo iyanda, i-liquid kwifilimu yolwelo ayilula ukuba ikhutshwe, kwaye isantya sefilimu ye-liquid i-thinning i-thinning icothayo, ebambezela ixesha lokuqhekeka kwefilimu yolwelo kunye nokwandisa ukuzinza kwe-foam.
④ Impembelelo 'yokulungisa' yoxinzelelo lomphezulu
I-surfactants adsorbed kumphezulu wefilimu yolwelo inamandla okumelana nokwandiswa okanye ukucutheka komphezulu wefilim elulwelo, esibhekisa kuwo njengesiphumo sokulungisa. Oku kungenxa yokuba kukho ifilimu elulwelo yee-surfactants ezithengisiweyo kumphezulu, kwaye ukwandisa indawo yayo yomphezulu kuya kunciphisa uxinaniso lweeathom ze-adsorbed zomphezulu kunye nokwandisa ukuxinezeleka komphezulu. Ukwandisa ngakumbi umphezulu kuya kufuna umgudu omkhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-shrinkage yendawo yomphezulu iya kwandisa i-adsorbed molecules phezu komhlaba, ukunciphisa ukuxinana komphezulu kunye nokuthintela ukuncipha okungaphezulu.
⑤ Ukusasazwa kwerhasi ngefilimu elulwelo
Ngenxa yobukho boxinzelelo lwe-capillary, uxinzelelo lwamaqamza amancinci kwi-foam luphezulu kunolo lwamaqamza amakhulu, okuya kubangela ukuba irhasi ekwiibhulu ezincinci zisasazeke kwiibhulu eziphantsi zoxinzelelo olukhulu ngefilimu yolwelo, okukhokelela kwinto yokuba amaqamza amancinci abe mancinci, amaqamza amakhulu abe makhulu, kwaye ekugqibeleni amagwebu agqabhuke. Ukuba i-surfactant yongezwa, i-foam iya kuba yinto efanayo kwaye ixinene xa i-foam, kwaye akulula ukuyikhupha. Ekubeni i-surfactant ihlelwe ngokusondeleyo kwifilimu ye-liquid, kunzima ukukhupha umoya, okwenza i-foam izinzile.
⑥ Impembelelo yentlawulo ephezulu
Ukuba ifilimu yolwelo lwe-foam ihlawuliswa ngesimboli esifanayo, iindawo ezimbini zefilimu ye-liquid ziya kugxotha enye kwenye, zithintele ifilimu yolwelo ukuba iyancipha okanye itshabalalise. I-Ionic surfactants inokubonelela ngesiphumo sokuzinzisa.
Ekugqibeleni, amandla efilimu yolwelo yinto ephambili yokumisela ukuzinza kwe-foam. Njenge-surfactant ye-agent egwebu ugwebu kunye nezinzisi ze-foam, ukuqina kunye nokuqina kwee-athomu ze-adsorbed ezingaphezulu zezona zinto zibalulekileyo. Xa intsebenziswano phakathi kweealekliya ze-adsorbed phezu komphezulu womelele, iimolekyuli ze-adsorbed zicwangciswe ngokusondeleyo, nto leyo engenzi nje kuphela ukuba imaski yobuso yobuso ibe namandla aphezulu, kodwa yenza isisombululo esisecaleni kwe-mask yobuso bobuso kunzima ukuhamba ngenxa ye-viscosity ephezulu, ngoko kunzima ukuba ifilimu yolwelo ikhuphe, kunye nobukhulu bokugcina ifilimu yolwelo. Ukongeza, iimolekyuli zomphezulu ezilungelelaniswe ngokusondeleyo zinokunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kweeathom zegesi kwaye ngaloo ndlela zandise ukuzinza kwegwebu.
(3) Ukutshatyalaliswa kogwebu
Umgaqo osisiseko wokutshabalalisa i-foam kukutshintsha iimeko zokuvelisa i-foam okanye ukuphelisa izinto zokuzinza kwe-foam, ngoko ke kukho iindlela ezimbini zokulahla, ngokomzimba kunye neekhemikhali.
I-Physical defoaming kukutshintsha iimeko apho i-foam yenziwa phantsi ngelixa igcina ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zesisombululo se-foam esingatshintshiyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuphazamiseka kwamandla angaphandle, ubushushu okanye utshintsho loxinzelelo kunye nonyango lwe-ultrasonic zonke iindlela ezisebenzayo zomzimba zokuphelisa i-foam.
Indlela ye-chemical defoaming kukongeza ezinye izinto zokusebenzisana ne-agent ye-foaming, ukunciphisa amandla efilimu yolwelo kwi-foam, kwaye emva koko ukunciphisa ukuzinza kwe-foam ukufezekisa injongo ye-defoaming. Ezo zinto zibizwa ngokuba zii-defoamers. Uninzi lwee-defoamers zi-surfactants. Ke ngoko, ngokwendlela yokuthoba amagwebu, ii-defoamers kufuneka zibe namandla okunciphisa ukuxinezeleka komphezulu, zibhengezwe ngokulula kumphezulu, kwaye zibe nonxibelelwano olubuthathaka phakathi kweeathom ze-adsorbed zomphezulu, okukhokelela kulungiselelo olukhululekileyo lwesakhiwo seemolekyuli ze-adsorbed.
Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-defoamers, kodwa ubukhulu becala ayizizo i-ionic surfactants. Ii-non-ionic surfactants zineepropathi zokulwa nogwebu kufutshane okanye ngaphezulu kwendawo yazo yelifu kwaye ziqhele ukusetyenziswa njenge-defoamers. Utywala, ngakumbi abo banezakhiwo ze-branching, i-fatty acids kunye ne-esters, i-polyamides, i-phosphates, i-oyile ye-silicone, njl., nazo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-defoamers egqwesileyo.
(4) Ugwebu kunye nokuhlamba
Akukho budlelwane obuthe ngqo phakathi kwe-foam kunye nefuthe lokuhlamba, kwaye inani le-foam alithethi ukuba umphumo wokuhlamba ulungile okanye umbi. Umzekelo, ukusebenza kogwebu lwe-non-ionic surfactants ingaphantsi kakhulu kunesepha, kodwa amandla abo okucoca angcono kakhulu kunesepha.
Kwezinye iimeko, i-foam iyanceda ekususeni ukungcola. Ngokomzekelo, xa uhlamba i-tableware ekhaya, i-foam ye-detergent inokuthatha amathontsi eoli ahlanjwe phantsi; Xa ukhuhla ikhaphethi, ugwebu lunceda ukususa ubumdaka obuqinileyo njengothuli nomgubo. Ukongezelela, i-foam ngamanye amaxesha ingasetyenziselwa njengomqondiso wokuba i-detergent iyasebenza, kuba i-oyile enamafutha anokuthintela i-foam ye-detergent. Xa kukho i-oyile eninzi kakhulu kunye ne-detergent encinci kakhulu, akuyi kubakho i-foam okanye i-foam yokuqala iya kunyamalala. Ngamanye amaxesha, i-foam ingasetyenziswa njengesalathisi sokuba i-rising icocekile. Ngenxa yokuba inani le-foam kwisisombululo sokuhlanjululwa livame ukuhla kunye nokunciphisa umxholo we-detergent, iqondo lokuhlanjululwa linokuvavanywa ngobuninzi be-foam.
9. Inkqubo yokuhlamba
Ngomqondo obanzi, ukuhlamba yinkqubo yokususa amacandelo angafunekiyo kwinto ehlanjwayo kunye nokufezekisa injongo ethile. Ukuhlamba ngendlela eqhelekileyo kubhekisela kwinkqubo yokususa ukungcola ebusweni bomthwali. Ngexesha lokuhlamba, ukusebenzisana phakathi kokungcola kunye nomthwali kuyancipha okanye kupheliswe ngesenzo sezinto ezithile zeekhemikhali (ezifana ne-detergents), ukuguqula ukudibanisa kokungcola kunye nomphathiswa ekudibaneni kokungcola kunye ne-detergent, ekugqibeleni kubangele ukungcola kunye nomthwali ukuba ahlukane. Njengoko izinto eziza kuhlanjwa kunye nokungcola okuza kususwa zihlukeneyo, ukuhlamba kuyinkqubo enzima kakhulu, kwaye inkqubo esisiseko yokuhlamba inokubonakaliswa ngolu lwalamano lulula lulandelayo.
Umthwali • Ubumdaka+Isehlo=Umthwali+Ubumdaka • Isicoci
Inkqubo yokuhlamba ngokuqhelekileyo inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amabini: enye kukuhlukana kokungcola kunye nomphathi wayo phantsi kwesenzo se-detergent; Okwesibini kukuba ukungcola okufihliweyo kuchithwa kwaye kumiswe phakathi. Inkqubo yokuhlanjwa yinkqubo ebuyiselwa umva, kwaye ubumdaka obusasazwayo okanye obuxhonywe phakathi nendawo bunokuphinda buphinde buphinde buphinde buphinde bube nemvula ukusuka phakathi ukuya kwindawo yokuhlamba impahla. Ke ngoko, i-detergent egqwesileyo ayifanele ibe namandla okususa ukungcola kumthuthi, kodwa iphinde ibe namandla okusasaza kunye nokumisa ukungcola, kwaye ithintele ukungcola ukuba kuphinde kufakwe.
(1) Iintlobo zobumdaka
Nakwinto enye, uhlobo, ukwakheka, kunye nobuninzi bokungcola kuya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yokusetyenziswa. Ukungcola komzimba we-oyile kubandakanya i-oyile yezilwanyana kunye nemifuno, kunye ne-oyile ye-mineral (efana ne-oyile ekrwada, i-oyile ye-fuel, i-tar yamalahle, njl.), ngelixa ukungcola okuqinileyo kubandakanya umsi, uthuli, i-rust, i-carbon black, njl njl. Ngokuphathelele ukungcola kwempahla, kukho ukungcola okuvela emzimbeni womntu, njengokubila, i-sebum, igazi, njl. Ukungcola kokutya, okufana namabala eziqhamo, amabala e-oyile etyiwayo, amabala esinongo, istatshi, njl.njl; Ukungcola okuziswe zizithambiso, ezifana ne-lipstick kunye ne-nail polish; Ukungcola okuvela kwi-atmosfera, okufana nomsi, uthuli, umhlaba, njl. Ezinye izinto ezifana ne-inki, iti, ipeyinti, njl. Kunokuthiwa kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokungcola zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: ubumdaka obuqinileyo, ubumdaka obumanzi, kunye nobumdaka obukhethekileyo.
① Ubumdaka obuqinileyo obuqhelekileyo bubandakanya amasuntswana anjengothuthu, udaka, umhlaba, umhlwa, kunye nekhabhoni emnyama. Uninzi lwala masuntswana anomphezulu wentlawulo, uninzi olungalunganga, kwaye abhengezwa ngokulula kwizinto ezinentsinga. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukungcola okuqinileyo kunzima ukunyibilika emanzini, kodwa kunokuchithwa kwaye kunqunyanyiswe ngezisombululo zokucoca. Ukungcola okuqinileyo kunye namaqhekeza amancinci kunzima ukususa.
② Ukungcola kolwelo kuninzi kunyibilika kwi-oyile, kubandakanywa ioyile yezilwanyana kunye nemifuno, i-acids enamafutha, i-alcohols enamafutha, i-oyile yamaminerali kunye nee-oxide zazo. Phakathi kwazo, i-oyile yezilwanyana kunye nemifuno kunye ne-fatty acids zinokungena kwi-saponification kunye ne-alkali, ngelixa i-alcohols enamafutha kunye ne-oyile yamaminerali ayinayo i-saponified yi-alkali, kodwa inokunyibilika kwii-alcohols, i-ethers, kunye ne-hydrocarbon organic solvents, kwaye i-emulsified kwaye ihlakazwe yi-detergent aqueous solutions. Ukungcola okungamanzi okunyibilika kwi-oyile ngokuqhelekileyo kunamandla okusebenzisana okuqinileyo kunye nezinto ezineefayibha kunye nezibhengezo eziqinileyo kwimicu.
③ Ubumdaka obukhethekileyo bubandakanya iiprotheyini, istatshi, igazi, iimfihlo zabantu ezifana nokubila, i-sebum, umchamo, kunye nejusi yeziqhamo, incindi yeti, njl njl. Uninzi lwezi ntlobo zobumdaka zinokungenisa ngamandla kwizinto ezinefibrous ngokusebenzisa imichiza. Ngoko ke, ukuyihlamba kunzima kakhulu.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokungcola azifane zibekho zodwa, zihlala zixutywa kunye kwaye zidityaniswe kunye kwizinto. Ukungcola ngamanye amaxesha kunokukhupha i-oxidize, ukubola, okanye ukubola phantsi kweempembelelo zangaphandle, okukhokelela ekubunjweni kokungcola okutsha.
(2) Isiphumo sokubambelela sokungcola
Isizathu sokuba iimpahla, izandla, njl. Kukho iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zokuncamathelisa ubumdaka kwizinto, kodwa ikakhulu zincamathela ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokuncamathela kweekhemikhali.
① Ukuncamathela ngokwasemzimbeni kothuthu lwecuba, uthuli, intlenga, icarbon emnyama, kunye nezinye izinto empahleni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, intsebenziswano phakathi kokungcola okunamathele kunye nento engcolileyo ibuthathaka, kwaye ukususwa kokungcola kulula. Ngokwamandla ahlukeneyo, ukunamathela komzimba wokungcola kunokwahlulwa kumatshini wokubambelela kunye ne-electrostatic adhesion.
A: Ukubambelela koomatshini ikakhulu kubhekiselele ekunamatheleni kobumdaka obuqinileyo njengothuli kunye nentlenga. I-Mechanical adhesion yindlela yokubambelela ebuthathaka yokungcola, enokuthi iphantse isuswe ngeendlela ezilula zoomatshini. Nangona kunjalo, xa ubungakanani besuntswana lobumdaka buncinci (<0.1um), kuba nzima kakhulu ukususa.
B: Ukubambelela kwe-electrostatic kubonakaliswa ikakhulu ngesenzo sokungcola okuhlawuliswayo kwizinto ezineentlawulo ezichaseneyo. Izinto ezininzi ezineefayibha zithwala umrhumo ongalunganga emanzini kwaye kulula ukubambelela kuzo kukungcola okuchajiweyo okufana nekalika. Ukungcola okunye, nangona kuhlawuliswa kakubi, njenge-carbon particles emnyama kwizisombululo zamanzi, kunokubambelela kwiifiber ngokusebenzisa iibhulorho ze-ion ezenziwe ngama-ion amahle (afana ne-Ca2 +, i-Mg2 +, njl.) emanzini (i-ions zisebenza kunye phakathi kweentlawulo ezininzi ezichaseneyo, ezisebenza njengamabhuloho).
Umbane ongatshintshiyo womelele kunesenzo esilula soomatshini, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukususa ubumdaka.
③ Ukususwa kobumdaka obukhethekileyo
Iiprotheyini, isitashi, iimfihlo zabantu, ijusi yesithelo, ijusi yeti kunye nezinye iintlobo zokungcola kunzima ukususa kunye ne-surfactants ngokubanzi kwaye zifuna iindlela zonyango ezikhethekileyo.
Amabala eprotheyini anje ngekhrimu, amaqanda, igazi, ubisi, kunye nelindle lolusu lithanda ukuhlangana kunye ne-denaturation kwiifibers, kwaye zibambelela ngokuqinileyo. Kwiprotein engalunganga, iprotease ingasetyenziselwa ukuyisusa. I-protease inokwaphula iiprotheyini ebumdaka zibe yi-amino acids enyibilikayo emanzini okanye i-oligopeptides.
Amabala esitatshi aphuma ikakhulu ekutyeni, ngelixa amanye anje ngejusi yenyama, intlama, njl.njl. I-enzymes yesitatshi inefuthe le-catalytic kwi-hydrolysis ye-starch stains, ukuqhekeza isitatshi sibe yiswekile.
I-Lipase inokubangela ukubola kweminye i-triglycerides ekunzima ukuyisusa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo, ezifana ne-sebum efihliweyo ngumzimba womntu, i-oyile ezidliwayo, njl., Ukudiliza i-triglycerides kwi-glycerol e-soluble kunye ne-fatty acids.
Amanye amabala anemibala evela kwijusi yeziqhamo, ijusi yeti, i-inki, i-lipstick, njl njl. Olu hlobo lwebala lunokususwa ngeempendulo zokunciphisa i-oxidation usebenzisa i-oxidants okanye i-agent zokunciphisa ezifana ne-bleach, eziqhekeza isakhiwo se-chromophore okanye amaqela e-chromophore kwaye zithobe zibe ngamacandelo amancinci anyibilikayo emanzini.
Ngokombono wokucoca okomileyo, kukho malunga neentlobo ezintathu zokungcola.
① Ukungcola okunyibilikayo kwe-oyile kubandakanya ii-oyile ezahlukeneyo kunye namafutha, angamanzi okanye anamafutha kwaye anyibilika kwizinyibilikisi zokucoca ezomileyo.
② Ukungcola kwamanzi ku-soluble kwisisombululo esinamanzi, kodwa asikho kwi-agent ecocekileyo yokucoca. Ibhengeza kwiimpahla ngendlela yesisombululo esinamanzi, kwaye emva kokuba amanzi ephuphuma, izinto eziqinileyo ze-granular ezifana neetyuwa ze-inorganic, isitashi, iiprotheni, njl.
③ Amanzi e-oyile amdaka anganyibilikiyo ayinyibiliki kuwo omabini amanzi kunye nezinyibilikisi zokucoca ezomileyo, ezifana nekhabhoni emnyama, i-silicates zetsimbi ezahlukeneyo, kunye neeoxides.
Ngenxa yeempawu ezahlukeneyo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungcola, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokususa ukungcola ngexesha lokucoca elomileyo. Ukungcola kwe-oyile e-soluble, njenge-oyile yezilwanyana kunye nemifuno, i-oyile ye-mineral, kunye namafutha, i-soluble ngokulula kwi-solvents yezinto eziphilayo kwaye inokususwa ngokulula ngexesha lokucoca okomileyo. Ukunyibilika okugqwesileyo kwezinyibilikisi zokucoca ezomileyo kwioyile kunye negrisi kubangelwa ngamandla e-van der Waals phakathi kweeathom.
Ukususwa kokungcola okunyibilikayo kwamanzi njengamatyuwa e-inorganic, iswekile, iiprotheyini, ukubila, njl., Kukwafuneka ukuba ungeze umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamanzi kwi-ejenti yokucoca okomileyo, ngaphandle koko ukungcola kwamanzi okune-soluble kunzima ukususa kwiingubo. Kodwa amanzi anzima ukuchithwa kwii-agent zokucoca ezomileyo, ngoko ukwandisa umthamo wamanzi, i-surfactants kufuneka yongezwe. Amanzi akhoyo kwii-agent zokucoca ezomileyo angakwazi ukuhambisa ukungcola kunye nomphezulu wempahla, okwenza kube lula ukusebenzisana namaqela e-polar of surfactants, enenzuzo ekubhengezeni i-surfactants phezu komhlaba. Ukongeza, xa ii-surfactants zenza ii-micelles, ubumdaka obunyibilikayo emanzini kunye namanzi zinokunyibilika kwiimicelles. I-surfactants ayinako ukunyusa kuphela umxholo wamanzi kwii-solvents zokucoca ezomileyo, kodwa ziphinde zithintele ukubekwa kwakhona kokungcola ukunyusa umphumo wokucoca.
Ubukho bamanzi amancinci buyimfuneko ekususeni ubumdaka obunyibilikayo emanzini, kodwa amanzi amaninzi anokubangela ukuba ezinye iimpahla zigrumbe, zishwabene, njl.
Amasuntswana aqinileyo anjengothuthu, udaka, umhlaba, kunye nekhabhoni emnyama, enganyibilikiyo ngamanzi okanye i-oyile enyibilikayo, ngokubanzi ibambelela kwiimpahla nge-electrostatic adsorption okanye ngokudibanisa namabala e-oyile. Ekucoceni okomileyo, ukuhamba kunye neempembelelo ze-solvents kunokubangela ukuba ukungcola okubhengezwe yi-electrostatic forces ukuba ziwe, ngelixa ii-agent zokucoca ezomileyo ziyakwazi ukutshabalalisa i-oil stains, ezibangela iinqununu eziqinileyo ezidibanisa kunye ne-oil stains kunye nokunamathela kwiingubo zokuwa kwi-ejenti yokucoca eyomileyo. Ubungakanani obuncinci bamanzi kunye ne-surfactants kwi-ejenti yokucoca eyomileyo inokumisa ngokuzinzileyo kwaye isasaze amasuntswana amdaka aqinileyo awela phantsi, athintele ukuba aphinde abeke iimpahla kwakhona.
(5) Izinto ezichaphazela umphumo wokuhlamba
I-adsorption ye-adsorption ye-surfactants kwi-interface kunye nokunciphisa umphezulu (i-interfacial) ukuxinana zizinto eziphambili zokukhutshwa kolwelo okanye ukungcola okuqinileyo. Kodwa inkqubo yokuhlamba inzima kakhulu, kwaye nomphumo wokuhlamba uhlobo olufanayo lwe-detergent luchatshazelwa ngezinye izinto ezininzi. Ezi zinto zibandakanya ukuxinwa kwe-detergent, ubushushu, ubume bokungcola, uhlobo lwefiber, kunye nesakhiwo selaphu.
① Ukuxinana kwee-surfactants
Iimicelles ze-surfactants kwisisombululo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlamba. Xa ugxininiso lufikelela kugxininiso olubalulekileyo lwe-micelle (cmc), umphumo wokuhlamba ukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko ke, ukuxinwa kwe-detergent kwi-solvent kufuneka ibe phezulu kunexabiso le-CMC ukwenzela ukufezekisa umphumo omuhle wokuhlamba. Nangona kunjalo, xa ingxinano yee-surfactants idlula ixabiso le-CMC, isiphumo sokuhlanjwa esonyukayo siba sincinci, kwaye ukonyuka okugqithisileyo koxinzelelo lwe-surfactant akuyomfuneko.
Xa usebenzisa i-solubilization ukususa amabala e-oyile, nokuba i-concentration ingaphezulu kwexabiso le-CMC, isiphumo se-solubilization sisenyuka ngokunyuka koxinzelelo lwe-surfactant. Ngeli xesha, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-detergent yendawo, njengakwii-cuffs kunye neekhola zeengubo apho kukho ukungcola okuninzi. Xa uhlamba, i-detergent ingasetyenziselwa kuqala ukuphucula umphumo we-solubilization ye-surfactants kwi-oyile.
② Ubushushu bunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwisiphumo sokucoca. Ngokubanzi, ukwandisa ubushushu kunenzuzo ekususeni ukungcola, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukushisa okugqithisileyo kunokubangela izinto ezimbi.
Ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kunenzuzo yokusasazwa kokungcola. Amabala e-oyile eqinileyo afakwa ngokulula emulsified xa iqondo lobushushu lingaphezulu kwendawo yokunyibilika, kwaye iifibers nazo zonyusa iqondo lokwandiswa ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Ezi zinto zonke ziluncedo ekususeni ubumdaka. Nangona kunjalo, kwiilaphu eziqinileyo, izikhewu ezincinci phakathi kwefiber ziyancitshiswa emva kokwandiswa kwefayibha, engabandakanyi ukususwa kokungcola.
Utshintsho lobushushu lukwachaphazela ukunyibilika, ixabiso le-CMC, kunye nobungakanani bemicelle yee-surfactants, ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazela isiphumo sokuhlamba. I-carbon chain surfactants emide inokunyibilika okuphantsi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nokunyibilika okuphantsi kunexabiso leCMC. Kule meko, ubushushu bokuhlamba kufuneka bonyuswe ngokufanelekileyo. Isiphumo sobushushu kwixabiso leCMC kunye nobungakanani bemicelle buhlukile kwi-ionic kunye ne-non-ionic surfactants. Kwii-ionic surfactants, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kukhokelela ekonyukeni kwexabiso le-CMC kunye nokuncipha kobungakanani bemicelle. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuxinwa kwee-surfactants kufuneka kwandiswe kwisisombululo sokuhlamba. Kwii-non-ionic surfactants, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kukhokelela ekwehleni kwexabiso labo le-CMC kunye nokwanda okukhulu kobungakanani babo bemicelle. Inokubonwa ukuba ukonyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ngokufanelekileyo kunokunceda ii-non-ionic surfactants ukuba zenze umsebenzi wazo ongaphezulu. Kodwa iqondo lobushushu akufanele lidlule kwindawo yalo yelifu.
Ngamafutshane, iqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo kakhulu lokuhlamba lihambelana nefomula ye-detergent kunye nento ehlanjwayo. Ezinye iidetergents zineziphumo ezilungileyo zokucoca kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, ngelixa ezinye iidetergent zineziphumo ezahlukileyo kakhulu zokucoca ekuhlambeni okubandayo nokushushu.
③ Ugwebu
Abantu bahlala bebhidanisa amandla okwenza amagwebu kunye nesiphumo sokuvasa, bekholelwa ukuba izinto zokucoca ezinogwebu olunamandla zineziphumo ezingcono zokuhlamba. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba umphumo wokuhlamba awuhambelani ngokuthe ngqo nobuninzi be-foam. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa isicoci esinegwebu eliphantsi xa sivasa akunasiphumo esibi kakhulu sokuvasa kunesehlo esinegwebu eliphezulu.
Nangona i-foam ayihambelani ngokuthe ngqo nokuhlamba, i-foam iseluncedo ukususa ukungcola kwezinye iimeko. Ngokomzekelo, i-foam ye-washing liquid inokuthwala amathontsi yeoli xa uhlamba izitya ngesandla. Xa ukhuhla ikhaphethi, i-foam inokuthi isuse amasuntswana okungcola okuqinileyo njengothuli. Uthuli lubangela umlinganiselo omkhulu wokungcola kwekhaphethi, ngoko ke isicoci sekhaphethi kufuneka sibe nesakhono sokukhupha amagwebu.
Amandla ogwebu nawo abalulekile kwishampu. Igwebu elihle eliveliswa lulwelo xa uhlamba iinwele okanye ukuhlamba kwenza abantu bazive bekhululekile.
④ Iintlobo zeentsinga kunye neepropathi ezibonakalayo zelaphu
Ukongeza kwisakhiwo sekhemikhali semicu echaphazela ukunamathela kunye nokususwa kokungcola, ukubonakala kweefayili kunye nesakhiwo sombutho weentambo kunye neendwangu nazo zinefuthe kubunzima bokukhutshwa kokungcola.
Izikali zeentsinga zoboya kunye nomcu osicaba onjengolwakhiwo lwentsinga zomqhaphu kulula kakhulu ukufumba ubumdaka kuneentsinga ezigudileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-carbon black ebambelele kwifilimu ye-cellulose (ifilimu enamathelayo) kulula ukuyisusa, ngelixa i-carbon black ebambelele kwi-cotton fabric kunzima ukuyihlamba. Ngokomzekelo, iilaphu zefiber ezimfutshane zepolyester ziyakwazi ukuqokelela amabala e-oyile kuneendwangu ezinde zefiber, kwaye amabala e-oyile kwiilaphu ezimfutshane zefiber nazo zinzima kakhulu ukuzisusa kunezo zelaphu zefiber ende.
Iintambo eziphothiweyo kunye neendwangu eziqinileyo, ngenxa yezithuba ezincinci ezincinci phakathi kweefayili, zinokuxhathisa ukuhlaselwa kokungcola, kodwa zithintela isisombululo sokucoca ekususeni ukungcola kwangaphakathi. Ngoko ke, amalaphu aqinileyo anokumelana kakuhle nokungcola ekuqaleni, kodwa kunzima nokucoca xa sele engcolisiwe.
⑤ Ukuqina kwamanzi
Ukuxinwa kwee-ion zetsimbi ezifana ne-Ca2 + kunye ne-Mg2 + emanzini kunempembelelo enkulu kwimpembelelo yokuhlamba, ngakumbi xa i-anionic surfactants idibana ne-Ca2 + kunye ne-Mg2 + ions ukwenza i-calcium kunye neetyuwa ze-magnesium kunye ne-solubility embi, enokunciphisa amandla abo okucoca. Nangona i-concentration ye-surfactants iphezulu kumanzi anzima, umphumo wabo wokucoca usembi kakhulu kune-distillation. Ukufezekisa umphumo ongcono wokuhlamba we-surfactants, ukuxinwa kwe-Ca2 + ion emanzini kufuneka kuncitshiswe ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-1 × 10-6mol / L (i-CaCO3 kufuneka iyancipha ibe yi-0.1mg / L). Oku kufuna ukongeza izithambiso ezahlukeneyo kwisicoci.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-16-2024