I-1. Uxinzelelo lomphezulu
Amandla oxinzelelo lweyunithi nganye kubude beyunithi yolwelo lubizwa ngokuba yi-ters, ilinganiswe kwi-N I-M-1.
2. Umsebenzi womphezulu kunye ne-surfacnt
Ipropathi enokuthi inciphise uxinzelelo lokwenza umphezulu lweefolda lubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi, kwaye izinto ezinomgangatho womphezulu zibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezisebenzayo.
I-Surfacent buqula kwizinto ezisebenzayo zomphezulu ezinokwenza uMilles kunye nolunye uhlangothi kwizisombululo ezizenzisiko, kwaye nomsebenzi womhlaba ophezulu, kwaye unamanzi omhlaba, kwaye unamanzi, athambisa, neminye imisebenzi.
I-3. Iimpawu zemolekyuli ze-surfacnt
I-Surfacents ziikhomputha zezinto eziphilayo kunye nezakhiwo ezizodwa kunye neepropathi ezinokuthi zitshintshe kakhulu imbambano phakathi kwezigaba ezibini okanye ukungqubana komphezulu wezinto ezinqabileyo, kwaye zinamanzi anjengokuhlamba, kunye nokuhlamba.
Ngokuthetha ngokuthetha, i-surficapes yabelana ngophawu oluqhelekileyo lokuqulatha amaqela amabini ahlukeneyo kwiimolekyuli zabo. Isiphelo esinye sisithuba seqela elingelilo elingelilo inyibilikisi kwi-oyile kodwa i-insulafle emanzini, eyaziwa njengeqela le-hydrophobic okanye iqela le-hydrophobic. Ezi qela ze-hydrophobic zii-hydrocarbons ze-hydrocarbons, ngamanye amaxesha zikwa-Ergarine, i-Organosicilicon, i-Organophon, esinye isiphelo seqela le-hydrophilic okanye iqela le-hydrophilic. Iqela le-hydrophilic kufuneka libe ne-hydrophility eyaneleyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke i-surfacent inyibilikisa emanzini kwaye inesifo esifanelekileyo. Ngenxa yobukho bamaqela e-hydrophobic kunye namaqela e-Hydrophobic kwi-surfacants, banokunyibilika ubuncinci kwinqanaba lesigaba solwelo. Iipropathi ze-hydrophilic kunye ne-olephilic ze-surfcapes zibizwa ngokuba yi-ampnikity.
4.types ye-surfacapes
I-surfacapes ziimolekyuli ze-ampringhicilic ezinemidlalo ye-hydrophobic kunye ne-hydrophilic. Amaqela e-hydrophobic ye-surfacapes aqulunqwe nge-hydrocarbons ende ende, efana ne-Alkyl C8-C20, i-Alkyl Pobon Alkyl Carbon Chain Chain, incinci Umahluko, ngelixa kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamaqela ama-hydrophilic. Ke ngoko, iipropathi ze-surfacapes zihambelana ikakhulu kumaqela e-hydrophilic ukongeza kubungakanani kunye nobume bamaqela e-hydrophobic. Utshintsho lolwakhiwo lwamaqela e-hydrophilic inkulu kunezo zamaqela e-hydrophobic, ke ukwahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulwa kwe-surfacants ngokubanzi kusekwe kubume be-hydrophilic. Olu hlaselo lusekwe ikakhulu ukuba amaqela e-hydrophilic yi-Ionic, eyahlulahlula kwi-Aionic, Creadic, i-InIic, i-lwitterinic, kunye nezinye iintlobo ezizodwa ze-surfcants.
I-5. Iimpawu ze-surficmant ye-surf
① Adsorption ye-surfacants kwi-intermat
Iimolekyuli ze-surfaces zinemithetho ye-lipophilic kunye ne-hydrophilic, zisenza iimolekyuli ze-ampringhicilic. Amanzi ngulwelo olunamandla olwelo. Xa i-tionsfakiments inyibilikiswe emanzini, ngokomgaqo wokufana nokubuyiselwa komahluko, amaqela abo e-hydrophilic banomdla kwisigaba samanzi kwaye banyibilike emanzini, ngelixa bashiye amanzi. Ngenxa yoko, iimolekyuli ze-sundorupent (okanye ii-ions) i-adsorb kwi-Interface kwiSigaba ezibini, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo phakathi kwezi zigaba zibini. Iimolekyuli ezingaphezulu (okanye i-ions) zichazwe kwi-interface, kokukhona ukwehla kwengxwabangxwabangxwaba.
② Ezinye iipropathi ze-Addrone
Uxinzelelo lomphezulu we-Addrane I-Idrane: I-surficapents i-adsorb kwiprofayili yegesi yegesi ukwenza i-membrane ye-adsen. Ukuba ipleyiti yokudada engashukumiyo isuswe kwi-uxys kwaye ipleyiti yokudada ityhila i-Addning membrane ecaleni kwesisombululo, i-membrane inika uxinzelelo kwiplate yokudada, ebizwa ngokuba yingcinezelo ye-Down.
I-viscosity yomphezulu: Njengoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukufakwa komgangatho yipropathi eboniswe ziifilimu ze-insuller molerle. Yinqumle i-pire yeplatinam ene-wire yentsimbi ecekeceke, yenza inqwelomoya yawo iqhagamshelane nomphezulu wamanzi, ijikeleze iPlatinam iringi, iPlatinam intengiwe, kwaye i-Amlitham intelekelelo ngokuthe ngcembe. Indlela: Okokuqala yenza uvavanyo olunyulu lwamanzi, ukulinganisa i-Amelting Antentition, emva koko kulinganisa i-ATTATIT EMVA KOKUSETYENZISWA KWEMPAHLA YOKUGQIBELA IMALI YOKUGQIBELA IXESHA LOKUVELA KULO MOVANYO OLUFANELEYO KULO MALUNGU phakathi kwezi zimbini.
I-viscosity yomphezulu inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuqina kwemaski yobuso bomphezulu. Ukusukela kwifilimu ye-adsorction inoxinzelelo lomphezulu kunye novimba, kufuneka ibe ye-elastiki. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu loxinzelelo kunye nokubonisa i-membrane ye-adsorction, kokukhona mgangathweni wayo omkhulu. Imodeli ye-elastic yefilimu ye-adsorction ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokuzinza kwe-foam.
Ukuqulunqwa kweMielles
Isisombululo se-dilute sophando ulandela imithetho yezisombululo ezifanelekileyo. Imali ye-adsorvo ye-surfcapecants kumphezulu wesisombululo esonyuka ngokuxinwa kwesisombululo. Xa uxinzelelo lufikelela okanye lugqitha ixabiso elithile, intlawulo ye-adsorvo ayisanyuswa. Ezi molekyuli zigqithisileyo kwimolekyuli ezigqithisileyo kwisisombululo azisebenzi okanye zikho ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Zombini ukuziqhelanisa kunye nethiyori zibonise ukuba zenza ukuba zixhase izisombululo, ezibizwa ngokuba yimilitha.
Uxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lweMielle: Ubuncinci bobuncinci apho iifom ze-surfles miline kwisisombululo zibizwa ngokuba yi-mielling cesterations.
Ixabiso le-CMC le-surfacnt eqhelekileyo.
I-6. Ixabiso le-olephilic elilinganayo
I-HLB imele i-hydrophilic ibhalansi ye-hydrophilic, ebonisa i-hydrophilic ilingane yexabiso le-hydrophilic kunye ne-lipophilic yamaqela e-surfaphilic, okt ixabiso le-HLB le-HLB. Ixabiso eliphakamileyo le-HLB libonisa i-hydrophicicity eyomeleleyo kunye ne-lipophilicity yemolekyuli; Ngokuchasene noko, ineendlela ezomeleleyo ze-hidrophility.
Imigaqo kwixabiso le-HLB
Ixabiso le-HLB lixabiso le-HLB, ke xa liseka ixabiso le-HLB, njengomgangatho, ixabiso le-HLB leparafini le-slodium doldecture lisetwe kwi-1 ukuya kwixabiso le-HLB ngokubanzi ngaphakathi kwe-1-40. Ngokubanzi, ii-EMLSIEERs ezinexabiso le-HLB ngaphantsi kwe-10 yi-lipophilic, ngelixa i-eulsiber enexabiso le-HLB enkulu kune-10 yi-hydrophilic. Ke ngoko, indawo yokutshintsha ukusuka kwi-lipophility kwi-hydrophility imalunga ne-10.
I-7. Ukutsalwa kweZiphumo zeSolsagiblic
Zimbini izinto ezityhutyweni, ezenziwayo ngokusasaza amasuntsu (amaconsi okanye amakristali okanye amasebe olwelo) kwelinye, abizwa ngokuba yi-Emuls. Xa usenza i-emulsion, ummandla ophakathi kotywala omabini uyanda, ukwenza inkqubo engazinzanga. Ukuzinzisa i-emulsion, icandelo lesithathu - i-EULSSISI-kufuneka yongezwe ukunciphisa amandla ezinkqubo. I-enulsiberiers ye-surfcapes, kwaye umsebenzi wabo ophambili kukusebenza njenge-EUULSIFIRES. Inqanaba apho kukho i-domplets ekhoyo ibizwa ngokuba yiSigaba esisasazeke (okanye isigaba sangaphakathi, iSigaba seSigaba), kwaye elinye inqanaba elixhunyiwe libizwa ngokuba sisigaba esiphakathi (okanye isigaba sangaphandle, isigaba sangaphandle).
I-emilssifiers kunye ne-emulsions
I-emulssion eqhelekileyo ibandakanya isigaba esinye samanzi okanye isisombululo esinamandla, kunye nelinye inqanaba lezinto eziphilayo ezingenamandla ngokusekwe kumanzi kunye neoyile, i-oyile. Amanzi asasazeke kwi-oyile aqokelelwa amanzi kwi-emulsion yeoyile, omelwe ngu w / o (amanzi / ioyile). Ukongeza, amanzi antsonkothileyo kwioyile emanzini ye-W / O / W kunye neoyile emanzini kwi-oyile o / w / o ukuvela kwe-euls kungakhethwa.
I-Emoulsifier ihlala imbi kwi-emulsion ngokunciphisa imbambano yokunciphisa imaski ye-monolayer yobuso.
Iimfuno ze-Eaulsifiers kwi-EULSISEOTIONOTIOTICRAFATIONOTIOTICRATICRAFAT: A: I-Eaulsifuyini kufuneka ikwazi ukuqhuba okanye iphumelele kunxibelelwano phakathi kwezi zigaba zimbini, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo oluhlanganyeziweyo; B: I-Enulsisiers kufuneka inike amasuntswana intlawulo yombane, ibangele ukubuyiselwa kwe-electrostatic phakathi kwamasuntswana okanye ukwenza izithembiso ezizinzileyo, kwi-viscous ekhuselayo ejikeleze amasuntswana. Ke, izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo njengoko ii-EMPSISEMER kufuneka abe namaqela e-ampringhicic ukuba afumane iziphumo ezikhululekileyo, kwaye amatyala e-surfcal anokuhlangabezana nale mfuno.
Iindlela zokuLungiselela ze-eulssions kunye nezinto ezichaphazela uzinzo
Zimbini iindlela zokulungiselela ii-Ealsion: Inye yokusebenzisa iindlela zoomatshini ukusasaza ulwelo kumasuntswana amancinci kwelinye i-wist, esetyenziswayo kumzi-mveliso ukulungiselela ii-Emborions; Enye indlela kukuyichitha ulwelo kwimo yemolekyuli kolunye ulwelo kwaye emva koko uyivumele ukuba ihlekise ngokufanelekileyo ukuba yenze i-emulsion.
Uzinzo lwe-EulSsion lubhekisa kubuchule babo bokuxhathisa i-proiclereciction kwaye ibangele ukwahlukana kwesigaba. I-emulsions ziinkqubo ezingazinzanga ze-thermdonamation ezinamandla amakhulu asimahla. Ke ngoko, uzinzo lwe-emulsion eneneni lubhekisa ixesha elifunekayo lenkqubo yokufikelela kwinqanaba lokulingana, oko kukuthi, ixesha elifunekayo lolwelo kwinkqubo eyahlulayo.
Xa kukho iimolekyuli zepolic ezifana notywala obuthambileyo, onamafutha acid kunye namafutha athambileyo kwimaski yobuso, amandla e-membrane enyuka kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba iimolekyuli ze-emulsisier kwi-adsorption faminar inxibelelana neemolekyuli ezifana notywala, i-acid kunye ne-amines "eyandisa amandla eemaski.
I-Enulsisiers eqokelelwe kwi-surfacants ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zibizwa ngokuba zii-Eaulsifiers ezixubileyo. I-EULSIESERs exutywe i-ealsifiers kwi-adsorb ye-adsorb ye-One / ye-oyile, kunye nokunxibelelana okungaphelelanga kunokubangela isysts. Ngenxa yokusebenzisana nge-intanethi, uxinzelelo olungxinazelwe kuncitshiswa kakhulu, inani le-eUlsifier adred kwi-inction inyuke kakhulu, kwaye ukuxinana namandla obuntu obuhlanganisiweyo anyukayo.
Isimangalo samachaphaza anefuthe elibonakalayo ekuzinziweni kwe-eulsions. I-EalSotions ezizinzileyo ngokwesiqhelo inamachaphaza aneendleko zombane. Xa usebenzisa i-Ionic EMulSsisiers, i-enulsifier i-exrurdifier i-interface ifakwe amaqela abo e-Lipophilic kwiSigaba seoyile, ngelixa amaqela e-hydrophilic akwisigaba samanzi, ngaloo ndlela esenza amacoyi abizwe. Ngenxa yokuba amaconsi emkhukula ephethe intlawulo efanayo, bayaphinda baphinda baphazamiseke, ngenxa yokuzinza okwandisiweyo. Ingabonwa ukuba ii-emulsifier ezingakumbi ezivunyelwe ngamathontsi, kokukhona intlawulo yazo, kunye nokukhululeka kwabo ukuthintela i-raseplet yendlela, esenza inkqubo ye-emulsion izinzile.
I-viscosity ye-Emoulsion Deriorion ephakathi inefuthe elithile kuzinzo lwe-enulsion. Ngokubanzi, ukuphakama kwe-viscosity ye-disaneting ephakathi, ukuphelisa uzinzo kwi-emulsion. Kungenxa yokuba i-viscosity ye-vissium ephakathi iphezulu, ethintela kakhulu intshukumo ye-brownian ye-frolllets yolwelo, icotha ukungqubana phakathi kwamaconsi, kwaye igcine inkqubo izinzile. Izinto zePolymer ezihlala zinyibilikisi ekumsuleni zinokunyusa uVenkile weNkqubo kwaye ziphucule uzinzo lwe-emulsion. Ukongeza, i-polymer ikwazi ukwenza imaski eqinileyo yobuso, ukwenza inkqubo ye-emulsion izinzile ngakumbi.
Ngamanye amaxesha, ukongeza ipowder eqinileyo kunokusenza ukuzinzisa i-emulsion. Umgubo oqinileyo akakho emanzini, ioyile okanye kwi-interface, kuxhomekeke kubuchule bamanzi weoyile kunye namanzi kumgubo oqinileyo. Ukuba umgubo oqinileyo akamanzi ngamanzi ngamanzi kwaye unokumanzi ngeoyile, iya kuhlala kwi-oyile yeoli.
Isizathu sokuba ipowder eqinileyo ayizinzi i-Emoulsion kukuba umgubo aqokelele kwi-intermIx akaqinisekisi imaski ye-adsorsifier. Ke ngoko, ukusondelelana kwamasubwe eqinileyo acwangcisiweyo acwangciswe kwi-inction, kokukhona isitali esingakumbi siya kuba njalo.
I-surfacapes inamandla okukhulisa amandla okuzima kwezinto ezisebenzayo ezingenanto zangaphantsi okanye ezinyibilikayo emanzini emva kokwenza uMilines kwisisombululo esinamandla, kwaye isisombululo sisekuhleni ngeli xesha. Esi siphumo seMielles sibizwa ngokuba yiSolbilication. I-sundocapecants enokuthi ivelise iziphumo zesolutho zibizwa ngokuba ziziseko zeSollizer, kunye neziqulatho zezinto eziphilayo zibizwa ngokuba ziikhomputha zeSolwilid.
8. I-Foam
I-Foam idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlamba. I-Foam ibhekisa kwinkqubo yokusasazeka apho irhasi isasazeka khona kwi-ulwelo okanye eqinileyo. Irhasi sisigaba sokusasaza, kunye nolwelo okanye siqinile yindawo yokusasazeka. Okwakukho ngaphambili kubizwa ngokuba yi-Filoam, ngelixa le yokugqibela ibizwa ngokuba yi-foam eqinileyo, njengeplastikhi ye-foam, iglasi, i-cwaka, njl.
(1) Ukuqulunqa igwebu
Ingcungcuthekithi apha apha ibhekisa ekuqulunqweni kweebhabhu zahlulwe yifilimu engamanzi. Ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu kwi-denstity phakathi kweSigaba esisasazekileyo (igesi) kunye nendawo ephakathi (kunye nolwelo), kunye nolwelo olusezantsi, kunye ne-viscofity ephantsi, kwaye i-foam isoloko ikhula kwinqanaba lolwelo ngokukhawuleza.
Inkqubo yokwakha i-foam kukuzisa isixa esikhulu serhasi kwi-gesi, kwaye iibhubhu kwi-fluidregred ngokukhawuleza, zenza i-bubbregate eyahluliweyo yexabiso elincinci kunye negesi
I-Foam ineempawu ezimbini ezimangalisayo kwi-morphology: enye yeyokwasasazeka njengenqanaba le-felyheral, kuba kwindawo yokuhlangana kweebhulukhwe, kukho utyekelo lwefilimu yolwelo ukuba ibe mncinci, yenza amaqabhu e-tylyberal. Xa ifilimu yolwelo iba ngumncinci ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, amaqamza ayakuqhekeza; Okwesibini, ulwelo olusulungekileyo alunakwenza foam oluzinzileyo, kodwa ulwelo olunokwenza i-foam ubuncinci okanye ngaphezulu. Isisombululo se-ACTFEARCHERAGENT yinkqubo eqhelekileyo ngokulula ukuvelisa ubuYuda, kwaye ukukwazi kwawo ukuvelisa i-Fom kunxulumene nezinye iipropathi.
I-surfacapes enesenzo esifanelekileyo sokubila sibizwa ngokuba zii-agents ezingcolileyo. Nangona iarhente yenkululeko enobulungisa inesikhungo esihle, i-foam eyenziweyo isenokungakwazi ukugcina ixesha elide, oko kukuthi, uzinzo lwayo lungalunganga. Ukuze ugcine uzinzo lobuxoki, into enokwandisa uzinzo lwegwebu ihlala yongezwe kwiarhente ye-wabeming, ebizwa ngokuba yi-foam stabilizer. I-foam eqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa i-lauroyl diethanolamine kunye ne-dodecyl dimthyl amine oxide.
(2) Uzinzo lwegwebu
I-Foam yinkqubo engazinzanga ngokungalinganiyo, kwaye imeko yokugqibela kukuba indawo yonke yendawo yolwelo kwinkqubo ihla kunye namandla asimahla emva kokophula i-bubbble. Inkqubo yokudimanisa yinkqubo apho ifilimu yolwelo ihlukanisa khona igesi itshintsha ubungqingqwa. Ke ngoko, uzinzo lwegwebu luzimisele ikakhulu ngesantya sesantya sokukhutshelwa kolwelo kunye namandla efilimu engamanzi. Kukho ezinye izinto eziphembelele.
① uxinzelelo lomphezulu
Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga imbono, uxinzelelo olungaphantsi komhlaba luhlobo ngakumbi ukubekwa kwegwebu, kodwa akunakuqinisekisa uzinzo lobuxoki. Ingqungquthela yasemphethweni ephantsi, umahluko ophantsi woxinzelelo, isantya esicothayo sesantya, kunye nokucotha ifilimu yefilimu efanelekileyo kukuzinza kwe-foam.
② Viscofity
Into ephambili echaza uzinzo lwamagwebu ngamandla efilimu engamanzi, egqitywe yifilimu yefilimu ye-adsorction, elinganiswe ngumboniso womhlaba. Iimvavanyo zibonisa ukuba i-foam eveliswa sisisombululo kunye ne-vismmusity ephezulu inobomi obude. Kungenxa yokuba unxibelelwano phakathi kweemolekyuli ze-adsorced ebusweni zikhokelela ekunyukeni kwamandla e-membrane, oko kukuphucula ubomi boMgwebi.
③ Isisombululo
Xa i-viscosity ye-ulwelo iyanda, ulwelo kwifilimu yolwelo akulula ukuba ikhutshiwe, kwaye isantya sobunzima befilimu yefilimu sihamba kancinci, sinokuyibalisa uzinzo lwempumlo.
④ 'Ukulungisa' Iziphumo zoxinzelelo lomphezulu
I-surfacapes e-adredbeants e-adredbeants kumphezulu wefilimu engamanzi unokukwazi ukuxhathisa ulwando okanye ukuntywila komhlaba wefilimu, esibhekisa kuyo njengempembelelo yokulungisa. Kungenxa yokuba kukho ifilimu yolwelo ye-surfacants evunyelwe phezu komhlaba, kwaye yandisa indawo yawo yomphezulu iya kunciphisa ukugxininiswa kwemolekyuli evunyiweyo kwaye kwandise uxinzelelo lomphezulu. Ukwandisa ngakumbi umphezulu kuya kufuna umgudu omkhulu. Ngokuchaseneyo, indawo engaphezulu yomgangatho iya kwandisa uxinzelelo lweemolekyuli ezivunjululweyo kumphezulu, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu kunye nokuthintela ukuphinda kwenziwe.
Ukuphambuka kwegesi ngefilimu engamanzi
Ngenxa yobukho bengcinezelo ye-capillary, uxinzelelo lweebhubhu ezincinci kwi-foam liphezulu kuneyona bhabhusa emiselweyo, ekhokelela kwirhasi encinci, kwaye ekugqibeleni i-gubble inkulu. Ukuba i-surfacnt yongezwa, i-foam iya kuba yinto iyunifomu kwaye inciphise, kwaye akukho lula kuDefoamer. Kuba i-surfacnt ilungelelaniswe kakhulu kwifilimu engamanzi, kunzima ukukhuphela umoya, owenza igwebu uzinze ngakumbi.
⑥ Impembelelo ye-ntlawulo yomphezulu
Ukuba ifilimu ye-Foam ifilimu ihlawuliswa ngokufana, imiba emibini yefilimu yefilimu iya kuphinda iphinde, ethintela ifilimu yolwelo ukusuka ekunciphiseni okanye kwintshabalalo. I-Ionic surfacants inokubonelela ngesiphumo sokuzinzisa.
Ukuqukumbela, amandla efilimu engamanzi yiyona nto iphambili ekuqinisekiseni ukuzinza kwegwebu. Njenge-surfacnt ye-Agents kunye nokuzinzisa ii-Foam, ukuqina kunye nokuqina kwemolekyuli e-adsorces zezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu. Xa unxibelelwano phakathi kweemolekyuli ze-adsorber kumphezulu lomeleleyo, iimolekyuli ezivunyiweyo zilungelelaniswe ngokusondeleyo, kodwa zingenzi isisombululo sefilimu ephakamileyo, kodwa inobunzima kwifilimu engaphezulu, kwaye ubukhulu befilimu yolwelo kulula ukuyigcina. Ukongeza, iimolekyuli ezingaphezulu zinokunciphisa ngokusondeleyo iimolekyuli ezingaphezulu zinokunciphisa ukwenziwa kweemolekyuli zerhasi kwaye zonyuse ukuzinza kwegwebu.
(3) Ukutshatyalaliswa kwegwebu
Umgaqo osisiseko wokutshabalalisa i-film kukutshintsha iimeko zokuvelisa i-foam okanye ukuphelisa izinto zokuzizwa kwegwebu, ke kukho iindlela ezimbini ezidayayo, emzimbeni nasezikhemizi.
Ukudilizwa komzimba kukutshintsha iimeko apho kuveliswa khona i-foam ngelixa ugcina ubume bemichiza ye-foam isisombululo esingaguqukiyo. Umzekelo, ukuphazamiseka kwamandla angaphandle, ubushushu okanye unyango loxinzelelo kunye nonyango lwe-ultrasonic zonke iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphelisa ubugwebi.
Indlela yokudimaza yekhemikhali yongeza ezinye izinto zokunxibelelana nearhente yokuthetha, ukunciphisa amandla efilimu engamanzi kwi-foam, kwaye emva koko unciphise uzinzo lwe-foam ukufezekisa injongo yokudimaza. Ezo zinto zibizwa ngokuba zii-Defoamers. Uninzi lwee-defoamers zii-surfcants. Ke ngoko, ngokwendlela yokudakumba, ii-defoamers kufuneka zibe namandla aqinileyo ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lomhlaba, zikhutshelwe ngokulula kumphezulu, kwaye ube nonxibelelwano oluphambili phakathi kweemolekyuli ezivunyiweyo zemolekyuli.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeDefoamers, kodwa uninzi lwe-ionic surfacints. I-Ionic Suntsfants ye-Injini ineepropathi ezichasene ne-antic ezikufuphi okanye ngaphezulu kwelali labo kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa njengee-Dofoamers. I-alcohols, ngakumbi abo banamalungu esebe, amanqatha aatid kunye nee-esters, i-Polyamide, iOliche ye-Silicone, njl njl.
(4) I-FOAM NOKUHLAZIYELWA
Akukho lwalamano ngqo phakathi kwegwebu kunye nokuhlamba, kwaye inani lamagwebu alithethi ukuba isiphumo sokuhlamba silungile okanye sibi. Umzekelo, intsebenzo esekwe kwi-unic ye-ionic surfaments iphantsi kakhulu kwisepha, kodwa amandla abo okucoca angcono kakhulu kunesepha.
Ngamanye amaxesha, i-foam iluncedo ekususeni ubumdaka. Umzekelo, xa i-washing tallware ekhaya, igwebu le-orchegent lingasusa i-oyile yehla; Xa ikhaphethi eliqaqambileyo, i-foam inceda ukuthatha ubumdaka obuqinileyo njengothuli kunye nomgubo. Ukongeza, i-foam ingasetyenziswa njengophawu lokuba isicoci siyasebenza, kuba amabala e-oyile anamafutha angayithintela igwebu le-streent. Xa kukho amabala e-oyile kakhulu kunye nesicoci esincinci kakhulu, akuyi kubakho gwebu okanye i-foam yoqobo iyanyamalala. Ngamanye amaxesha, i-foam inokusetyenziswa njengesibonakaliso sokuba i-rinsing icocekile. Kuba isixa segwebu kwisisombululo se-rinsing sihlala sincipha ngokuncipha komxholo ocociweyo, inqanaba le-rinsing linokuvavanywa ngenani lamajoni.
9. Inkqubo yokuhlamba
Kwindlela ebanzi, ukuhlamba yinkqubo yokususa izinto ezingafunekiyo kwinto ethathwayo kunye nokufezekisa injongo ethile. Ukuhlamba kwindawo eqhelekileyo kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokususa ubumdaka kumphezulu womphathi. Ngexesha lokuhlamba, ukusebenzisana phakathi komdaka kunye nomphathi wedlule okanye ukupheliswa ngesenzo sezinto ezingcolileyo (njengokuthwala umdaka), ekugqibeleni ubangela ukungcola kunye nokuthwala. Njengoko izinto eziza kuhlanjwa kunye nobumdaka ukuba zisuswe, ukuhlamba yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, kwaye inkqubo esisiseko yokuhlamba inokumelwa bubudlelwane obuncinci
I-Carriers
Inkqubo yokuhlamba inokuhlala yahlulwahlulwa yangamanqanaba amabini: enye kukwahlulahlula umdaka kunye nomphathi wayo phantsi kwesenzo sokucoca; Okwesibini kukuba ukungcola okubekiweyo kuyasasazeka kwaye kunqunyanyisiwe kwi-Intanethi. Inkqubo yokuhlamba yinkqubo eguqukayo, kwaye ubumdaka obusasazeke okanye bunqunyanyisiwe kwi-Primoum inokuphinda ifumaneke kwi-intanethi kwi-haindry. Ke ngoko, isicoci esihle kakhulu akufuneki sibe nobuchule bokuthintela ubumdaka kumphathi, kodwa banokwazi kakuhle ukusasaza kunye nokumisa ubumdaka, kunye nokuthintela ubumdaka kwakhona.
(1) iintlobo zokungcola
Nokuba yinto efanayo, uhlobo, ukuqulunqwa, kunye nenani lobumdaka kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwindawo yokusetyenziswa. Ubumdaka be-oli ikakhulu kubandakanya ioyile ye-oyile kunye nemifuno, kunye neoyile ye-oyile (efana neoyile ye-pude, i-rust, njl njl, njl njl, njl njl. Ubumdaka ekutyeni, njengamabala amantshontsho, amantshontsho ee-oyile, amaxesha ngamabala, isitatshi, njl njl; Ubumdaka obuziswe yi-cosmetics, njenge-lipstick kunye ne-selish ye-Nail; Ubumdaka kwimozuluzulu, njengokutshaya, uthuli, umhlaba, njl njl; Ezinye izinto ezinjenge-inki, iti, ipeyinti, njl njl kungathi kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nezingafaniyo.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zobumdaka zinokuhlala zahlulwe zangamacandelo amathathu: ubumdaka obuqinileyo, ubumdaka obunamanzi, kunye nobumdaka obukhethekileyo.
Umdaka oqinisekileyo oqinileyo uquka amasuntswana afana no-Ash, udaka, umhlaba, umhlwa, kunye nekhabhoni emnyama. Uninzi lwala masuntswana anentlawulo engaphezulu, ubukhulu becala, kwaye unomdla ngokulula kwizinto ezifihlakeleyo. Ngokubanzi, ubumdaka obuqinileyo kunzima ukunyibilikisa emanzini, kodwa bungasasazeka kwaye banqunyanyisiwe zizisombululo. Ubumdaka obuqinileyo ngamasuntswana amancinci kunzima ukuyisusa.
I-dired direty inyibilikisi yeoyile, kubandakanya isilwanyana neoyile yemifuno, amanqatha anamafutha, amanqatha amanqatha, ioyile yezimbiwa, kunye nee-oyile zabo. Phakathi kwazo, izilwanyana kunye neoyile yemifuno kunye nee-acids ezinamafutha anokufikelela kwi-alkali, ngelixa ii-alcollols zotywala, kwaye zinokunyibilika eAlkali, kwaye zinokunyibilika kwaye zisasazeke zizisombululo ze-Hydrocar. Ubumdaka obunyibilikisi obunyibilikayo bunobunzima obuqinileyo bezinto ezinamandla ezinezinto ze-Fibral kwaye zenza ngokuqinileyo kwiifayili.
③ Ubumdaka obukhethekileyo bubandakanya iprotein, isitatshi, igazi, igazi elinjengokubila, i-sebum, ijusi, njl njl. Ke ngoko, ukuhlamba kunzima kakhulu.
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zobumdaka zinqabile ukuba zikhona zodwa, zihlala zixutywe kunye kwaye zingena kunye kwizinto. Ukungcola ngamanye amaxesha kunokwenza i-oxiving, ukubola, okanye ukubola phantsi kweempembelelo zangaphandle, kukhokelela ekulandeni ubumdaka obutsha.
(2) Isiphumo sokuhlambela sobumdaka
Isizathu sokuba kutheni iingubo, izandla, njl.njl. Kukho imiphumo yokuhlambela eyahlukeneyo yokungcola kwizinto, kodwa ikakhulu kukunamathela ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokubulala iikhemikhali.
① Ubumbeleli bokwenyama yecuba, uthuli, i-sediment, ikharbon emnyama, kunye nezinye izinto ezinxibe iimpahla. Ngokubanzi, ukusebenzisana phakathi kobumdaka obunamatheleneyo kwaye into engcolileyo ibuthathaka, kwaye ukususwa kobumdaka kulula. Ngokwemikhosi eyahlukeneyo, ukunamathela ngokwasemzimbeni kungahlulwa koomatshini bokunamathela ngoomatshini kunye no-elektrostic.
A: Umatshini woMatshini ikakhulu ubhekisa kwi-adhesion yomdaka oqinileyo onjengothuli kunye ne-sediment. Umatshini wokunamathela koomatshini yindlela ebuthathaka ye-Dedarion yoMdumo, onokuthi asuswe ngeendlela ngeendlela ezilula. Nangona kunjalo, xa ubungakanani bobungakanani bomdaka buncinci (<0.um), kunzima kakhulu ukuyisusa.
B: I-elektrostic Adherion ibonakaliswa yintshukumo yentshukumo ye-distuds ehlawulelwayo kwizinto ezinetyala elichaseneyo. Uninzi lwezinto ezinobunzima zithwale intlawulo engentle emanzini kwaye zilandelwa ngokulula ngokungcola kwetyala elinje nge-lime. Ubumdaka, nangona buhlawuliswa kakubi, njengamasuntswana amnyama kwizisombululo ze-AID, njenge-IO2 +, njl. Njl.
Umbane oqinileyo womelele kunesenzo somatshini, senza ukuba kube nzima ukususa ubumdaka.
Ukususwa kobumdaka obukhethekileyo
Iprotein, isitatshi, iimfihlakalo zomntu, ijusi yeziqhamo, i-tea kunye nezinye iintlobo zobumdaka kunzima ukususa ngeyona ndlela ikhethekileyo.
Iiprotein amabala anjenge-cream, amaqanda, igazi, ubisi, kunye nolusu u-Erctta athambekele ekuhlaselweni nasekuhlanjululeni kwiintsinga, kwaye unamathele ngokuqinileyo. Kwi-Propein iprojekni, iprotease inokusetyenziselwa ukuyisusa. Iprotease inokuqhekeza iiproteni kubumdaka kwi-amino enyibilikiswe ngamanzi okanye i-oligopeepeptides.
I-stainets ikakhulu ivela ngokutya, ngelixa ezinye zinjengejusi yenyama, inamathisele, njl njln enzymes ye-hydrolysis ye-hydrolysis ye-hydrolysis ye-hydrolysis, eqhekeza isitatshi kwi-stans.
I-Lipsese inokuthatha ukonakaliswa kwento ethile yeziqwengana ekunzima ukuyisusa ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo, njengeSebum egcinwe lilungu lomzimba, ioyile edliwayo, njl njl.
Amanye amabala anemibala kwijusi yeziqhamo, i-Tea ijusi, i-inki, i-lipstick, njlnjl. Olu hlobo lomlinganiso lungasuswa ngokuphendula kwe-oxidation lusebenzisa ii-oxidants okanye iiarhente zokunciphisa i-bleach, ezaphula amaqela e-chromophore okanye eyahlulahlulahlulahlulahlulahlula amacandelo amancinci anyibilikiswe amanzi.
Ukusuka kwimbono yococeko lowomileyo, kukho iintlobo ezintathu zokungcola.
① Umdaka onyibilikayo onyibilikayo ubandakanya ioyile eyahlukeneyo kunye namafutha, olwelo okanye igrisi kwaye inyibilikisi kwizinyithi ezomileyo zokucoca.
② Ubumdaka obunyibilikayo bunyibilikisi kwisisombululo samanzi, kodwa bunganyibiliki kwiiarhente ezomileyo zokucoca. I-adrobbs kwimpahla yokunxiba ngohlobo lwesisombululo esinamandla, kwaye emva kwamanzi, isinyibilikisi esifana ne-inorganic, isitatshi, iiproteri, njl njl.
I-In-I-OTO ye-oyile engabhalwanga i-insulantre i-insulants kunye nemilinganiselo yokucoca eyomileyo, njengekharbon emnyama, i-silboc eyahlukeneyo, kunye nee-oxis.
Ngenxa yepropathi eyahlukeneyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokungcola, kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokususa ubumdaka ngexesha lenkqubo yokucoca eyomileyo. Ukungcola kweoyile, njengokutya kunye neoyile yemifuno, ioyile yezimbiwa, kunye nee-oyile zemifuziselo, kunye ne-fat, zinyibilikisi ngokulula kwiinyibilikisi zendalo kwaye zinokususwa ngokulula ngexesha lokucoca. Ukunyibilikisa okugqwesileyo kokucoca ioyile yeoyile kunye negrisi ngokuyimfuneko ngenxa yeVan Der imikhosi ephakathi kweemolekyuli.
Ukususwa kwemifuno enyibilikayo emanzini njengetyiwa, iswekile, iiproteni, ukubila, njl njl. Kodwa amanzi kunzima ukunyibilikisa iiarhente ezomileyo zokucoca, ukuze kwandiswe inani lamanzi, i-surfcapes kufuneka yongezwe. Amanzi akhoyo kwiarhente ezomileyo zokucoca i-hydrate i-hydrate dirt kwaye umphezulu wempahla, owenza kube lula ukunxibelelana namaqela epolise, enokuyingenelo kwi-adphocants kumphezulu. Ukongeza, xa i-tionsficapes yefom yemifanekiso, ubumdaka obunyibilikayo kunye namanzi bunokubethwa kwimithambo. I-surfacapes ayinakuphela kuphela umxholo wamanzi kwiinyibilikisi zowomileyo, kodwa ikwanqanda i-replaysetion yodaka yokuphucula isiphumo sokucoca.
Ubukho bexabiso elincinci lamanzi kubalulekile ekushenxiseni ubumdaka obunyibilikayo, kodwa amanzi amaninzi kunokubangela iimpahla,, njl njl.
Solid particles such as ash, mud, soil, and carbon black, which are neither water-soluble nor oil soluble, generally adhere to clothing by electrostatic adsorption or by combining with oil stains. Ukucocwa kowomileyo, ukuhamba kunye nefuthe lezinyibilikisi kunokubangela i-anserds ye-elektrostatic amandla okuwa, ngelixa iarhente yowomileyo inokuchitha i-oyile ye-oyile kwaye ilandele iimpahla zokucoca kwi-arhente yokucoca ioyile. Ixabiso elincinci lamanzi kunye ne-surfcapes kwi-arhente yokucoca eyomileyo inokumisa kakuhle kwaye isasaze amasuntswana amdaka aqinileyo, okuthintelayo ekwenzeni iimpahla kwakhona.
(5) Izinto ezichaphazela isiphumo sokuhlamba
I-adsorction yecandelo le-surfacapes kwi-interface kunye nokuncitshiswa komhlaba (izinto ezihlanganisiweyo) zezona zinto ziphambili zokususwa kolwelo okanye ukuqina okuqinisekileyo. Kodwa inkqubo yokuhlamba inzima, kwaye nesiphumo sokuhlamba sohlobo olufanayo lwesicoci sichaphazelekile kwezinye izinto ezininzi. Ezi zinto zibandakanya ukugxininiswa kwengcinezelo, ubushushu, ubumdaka, uhlobo lwefayibha, kunye ne-fatric.
① Ugxininiso lwe-surfacapes
Imilxes ye-surfacapes kwisisombululo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlamba. Xa uxinzelelo lufikelela kwi-mieldication ebalulekileyo (CMC), isiphumo sokuhlambela sanyusa kabukhali. Ke ngoko, ukuxinana kwesicoci kwi-solvent kufuneka kube phezulu kunexabiso le-CMC ukuze kufezekiswe isiphumo sokuhlambela. Nangona kunjalo, xa uxinzelelo lwe-surfacapes lugqitha kwixabiso le-CMC, ukwanda kokuhlamba isiphumo kubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ukunyuka kakhulu koxinzelelo okungafunekiyo akuyomfuneko.
Xa usebenzisa i-solbling ukususa amabala e-oyile, nokuba uxinzelelo lungaphezulu kwexabiso le-CMC, i-SOLCIBICAL iqhinga esonyuka ngokunyuka kwe-sundoctional to profaction. Ngeli xesha, kuyacetyiswa ukuba usebenzise isithintelo ekuhlaleni, njengakwi-cuffs kunye neekhola zeempahla apho kukho ubumdaka obukhulu. Xa uhlamba, umaleko wesicoci unokusetyenziswa kuqala ukuphucula isiphumo sesolokhwe ye-surfacapes kwimibala yeoyile.
② Ubushushu bunempembelelo ebonakalayo kwimpembelelo yokucoca. Lilonke, ukwandisa amaqondo obushushu kuyanceda ekususeni ubumdaka, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokubangela izinto ezimbi.
Ukonyuka kweqondo lobushushu kuyanceda ukwahluka kobumdaka. I-oyile eqinileyo yeoyile isuswe ngokulula xa iqondo lobushushu lingaphezulu kwenqaku labo lokunyibilika, kwaye iintsinga ziyakonyusa isidanga sabo sokwanda ngenxa yokunyuka kobushushu. Ezi zinto zonke ziluncedo ekususweni kobumdaka. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindwangu eziqinileyo, izithuba ezincinci phakathi kweentsinga zincitshiswa emva kokwandiswa kwe-fiber, engahambelaniyo ekususweni kwe-dill.
Iinguqu zobushushu zikwachaphazela ukona, ixabiso le-CMC, kunye nobungakanani be-josicapecants, ngaloo ndlela ichaphazela isiphumo sokuhlamba. I-Carbon Carbon Chain i-chain ye-sunffacents inamaqondo obushushu asezantsi, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha athobe kakhulu kunexabiso le-CMC. Kule meko, amaqondo obushushu ahlamba kufuneka anyuke ngokufanelekileyo. Iziphumo zobushushu kwixabiso le-CMC kunye nobungakanani be-mielle zahlukile kwi-Ionic kunye ne-Unic. Kwi-Ionic Surfaciants, ukwanda kobushushu ngokubanzi kukhokelela ekunyukeni kwixabiso le-CMC kunye nokuhla komgangatho we-millele. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuxinana kwe-surfacapes kufuneka kwandiswe kwisisombululo sokuhlamba. Kwi-Unic Sunt Studicants, ubushushu bokukhulisa kwukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwexabiso le-CMC kunye nolwando olubalulekileyo kubungakanani babo bemielle. Ingabonwa ukuba iqondo lobushushu lokukhulisa ngokufanelekileyo linokunceda i-unic surfacants isebenze umsebenzi wabo. Kodwa iqondo lobushushu alifanele lingadlulanga kwilifu lakhe.
Ngamafutshane, olona shino luhle kakhulu luhambelana nefomula yesicoci kunye nento ehlanjwayo. Ezinye iindlela zokucoca zineziphumo ezilungileyo zokucoca kubushushu begumbi, ngelixa ezinye izityholo zineziphumo ezahlukeneyo zokucoca ukubanda kunye nokuhlamba okushushu.
③ fight
Abantu bahlala bedidanisa ubuchule bokuthetha ngokuhlamba, bekholelwa ukuba amandla okucoca amandla aqingqiweyo aneziphumo ezingcono zokuhlamba. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba isiphumo sokuhlamba asihambelani ngqo nenani leempumlo. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa isicoci esisezantsi sokuhlamba akunangxaki yokuhlamba ngakumbi kune-scords ephezulu.
Nangona igwebu ayihambelani ngqo nokuhlamba, i-foam iseluncedo ukususa ubumdaka kwezinye iimeko. Umzekelo, igwebu le-ulwelo lokuhlamba linokuthwala i-oyile yehla xa ihlamba izitya ngesandla. Xa usoyike ikhaphethi, i-foam nayo ingathatha amasuntswana amdaka amdaka njengothuli. Ii-akhawunti zothuli zenani elikhulu lokungcola kwekhaphethi, ke ukucoca ikhaphethi kufuneka kubekho ubuchule obuthile.
Amandla abiyo abalulekile kwi-shampoo. I-foam elungileyo eveliswe lulwelo xa i-shing hashing okanye ukuhlamba kwenza abantu bazive bekhululekile.
④ Iindidi zeentsinga kunye nepropathi yomzimba yee-tct
Ukongeza kwisakhiwo sekhemikhali esichaphazela i-adhesion kunye nokususwa kobumdaka, ukubonakala kweentsinga kunye nobume bombutho weentsomi kunye neendwangu zinefuthe kubunzima bokususwa kobumdaka.
Isikali seentsinga zoboya kunye nomtya oflethi onjengesakhiwo seCotton sinengxaki yokufumana ubumdaka kuneentsinga ezigudileyo. Umzekelo, ikharbon emnyama ulandele ifilimu yeselsulose (ifilimu yobuhembe) kulula ukuyisusa, ngelixa i-carbon emnyama unamathele kwilaphu lekotoni kunzima ukuhlamba. Umzekelo, iilaphu ezimfutshane ze-Polyster Fibers zithambekele kakhulu ekuqokeleleni amabala e-oyile kune-fiber ye-fiber, kwaye amabala oyi-oyile kwiilaphu ezimfutshane ze-fiber kuya kuba nzima ukususa kunezo kwiilaphu ezinde.
I-gonns ejijekileyo kunye neendwangu eziqinileyo, ngenxa yezithuba ezincinci ezincinci phakathi kweentsinga, zinokuxhathisa ukuhlaselwa komdaka, kodwa kukuthintela isisombululo sokucoca sikukhuphe ubumdaka bangaphakathi. Ke ngoko, iindwangu eziqinileyo zinokungaxhathisi kakuhle ukungcola ekuqaleni, kodwa kunzima ukucoca kube kanye.
⑤ Ubulukhuni bamanzi
Ukugxininiswa kwee-ion zentsimbi ezinjenge-CA2 + kwaye i-MG2 + emanzini inefuthe elibonakalayo kwifuthe lokuhlambela, ngakumbi xa i-ANGSEICPUSTART ye-CA2 + kunye ne-MG2 + ikhulisa i-calcium kunye ne-silts ye-bultium kunye nokunciphisa amandla okucoca kakubi. Nokuba ukuxinana kwe-surfacants kuphakame emanzini anzima, impembelelo yabo yokucoca imbi kakhulu kunendawo yokulinganisa. Ukufezekisa okona kuhlanjwa kweyona sunt Sungs, uxinzelelo lwe-CA2 + i-Ions ngamanzi kufuneka incitshiswe ibe ngaphantsi kwe-1 × 10-6mol / l (caco3 kufuneka incitshiswe kwi-0.1mg / l). Oku kufuna ukongeza izithintelo ezahlukeneyo kwisicoci.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: AUG-16 ukuya ku-2024