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Ukusukela ekungeneni kwabo kwimveliso yezamashishini nge-1940s, i-surficapes isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwaye inconywa njenge "msg yeshishini." Iimolekyuli ze-surfadent ze-amprighthilic ze-amplighthilic, zibenza ukuba ziqokelele kumphezulu kwizisombululo ezizenzisini, zitshintsha kakhulu iipropathi zesicombululo. Kuxhomekeka kumyinge we-hydrophobic kwicandelo le-hydrophobic kunye nesakhiwo semolekyuli, i-sundocapes ibonakalisa iipropathi ezahlukeneyo. Banoluhlu lweempawu ze-tendochemical, kubandakanya ukusasazeka, ukuntywila okanye ukunamathela, ukubekwa okanye ukwenziwa kwengqondo, ukuhlamba, ukugcinwa, kunye neziphumo ze-antist. Ezi ndawo zisisiseko zibalulekile ekudayeni kwedayitile kunye nokulungisa. Iinkcukacha-manani zibonisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-3,000 yeendidi ze-surfacapes ezisetyenziswa kumzi-mveliso wemveliso, kubandakanya iinkqubo zokuvelisa, kubandakanya i-fiber icocekile, itshatile, i-Deyeng, kunye nokuGqibezela. Indima yabo kukuphucula umgangatho wemigangatho, phucula indlela yokusebenza kwemisonto, kunye namaxesha aphantsi komhlaba; Ke, i-surficapes inegalelo elibonakalayo kwishishini lekhompyuter.

 

1. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-surfacants kumzi-mveliso wendwangu

 

1.1 Inkqubo yokuhlamba

Kwinkqubo yokuhlamba impahla yokuhambisa impahla, kubalulekile ukuba ungaqwalaseli kuphela isiphumo kodwa uthambile nakwimicimbi yelaphu kunye nemicimbi enokubakho enokubakho. Ke ngoko, ukuphuculwa kwe-surfaccants entsha ebonelela ngempumelelo kokusebenza kakuhle ngelixa ugcina ukuthamba kunye nokuzinza kwemibala kwilaphu kuye kwaba lugxininiso oluphambili lophando olona phando lubalulekileyo namhlanje. Ngokwazisa ukwandisa ukukhusela okusingqongileyo kunye ne-starriture yamazwe angqongileyo, ukuphuhliswa kwempahla esebenzayo, ephantsi, kunye nokucocwa komzimba, kwaye ngokulula kunye nokucofa ngokulula kube ngumcimbi ongxamisekileyo kwishishini lekhompyuter.

1.2 Ukulungiswa kwedayi

I-surfacapes isebenzela iindima ezininzi ezinomdla, ukusebenza zombini njengabasasazi be-DYE yokusebenza kunye neearhente ezifakelweyo ngokudaya. Okwangoku, i-ananic surfudents isetyenziswa ngokuyintloko njengabasasazi, kubandakanya i-naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehydehyde ekhuthazayo kunye ne-legnin sulfondates. I-Noinic surfacints njenge-nonnyenol ethoxits idla ngokudityaniswa kwezinye iintlobo ze-surfcants. I-CIOTIC kunye ne-Zwittiedic surfactions zinemilinganiselo ethile kwisicelo. Njengoko itekhnoloji yedayinti entsha, efana ne-microwave yedayi, i-finsing ye-dam, iprinta yedijithali, kunye ne-fluid yedijitha, eqolileyo, iimfuno ze-Arhente yokuLawula kunye nabasasazi ziye zafuna ngakumbi.

1.3 Iiarhente zokuthambisa

Ngaphambi kokudaya kunye nokugqiba, iilwimi zihlala zithatha intshabalalo njengokutyula nokugabha, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba isandla sinengxaki. Ukudlulisela isandla esihlala sihlala sihlala sinemigangatho, kunye nethambile, iiarhente zokuthambisa - uninzi lwazo ii-surfcants-ziyafuneka. Iiarhente zokuthambisa ze-Aionic ziye zasetyenziswa ixesha elide kodwa ubuso bujamelene ne-adsorption ngenxa yentlawulo engeyiyo kwiintsinga emanzini, okukhokelela kwiziphumo zokonakalisa. Ezinye iindidi zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwi-oils ye-lest njengezinto ezithambileyo, kubandakanya i-Sulfouspecinate oyile.

Iiarhente zokuthambisa ze-IOInic zivelisa isandla zivele zifana ne-aneionic obo bangela ukuba idayi yedayi; Banokusetyenziswa nge-aneion okanye i-caricic yokuthambisa okanye i-creatic ethambileyo kodwa ine-adsorm ehluphekayo ye-firber firser kunye nokuqina okuphantsi. Ngokuyintloko bafakelwa ekulandeleni i-pibers yeentsinga zeselfowuni kunye nokuthambisa kunye nokuthambisa kunye nezinto ezithambileyo kwi-Synthetic ye-Synthetic ye-Synthetic. Iiklasi ezinje ngePentaerrythrittittittit yamafutha acid kunye ne-Sorbitity Fartty Ecid ibalulekile, ukunciphisa ukulingana kwe-factus ye-cleculas

I-Cusic Sunt Storfacents ibonakalisa ukubopha iintsinga ezahlukeneyo, kukungaxhaleli ubushushu kwaye kuncipha ukuhlamba, ukuvelisa isandla esityebileyo nesithambileyo. Zikhupha neepropathi ze-avistatic iziphumo kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo ze-antibacticial, zibenza ezona arhente zibaluleke kakhulu kwaye zisetyenzisiweyo ngokubanzi. Uninzi lwe-cusiyaric surfaments yi-nitrogen-enemichiza, exhaphakileyo kubandakanya iityuwa ze-Ammonium. Phakathi kwazo, i-Dihydroxyl ye-Ammonium ye-Ammonium ye-Ammonium ye-Ammonium ekhethekileyo, efezekisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo kwi-0.1% ukuya kwi-0,2% ukuya kwi-0,2%, nangona zinkulu kwaye ziyimiceli mngeni ye-biodegrades. Isizukulwana esitsha seemveliso eziluhlaza siqulethe i-surfacapes ene-Ester, amaqela e-Hode, okanye amaqela e-hydroxyl enokufakwa kwi-microorganis kwi-bidty acids, ngaloo ndlela kuncipha impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.

1.4 Iiarhente ze-antistatiki

Ukuphelisa okanye ukuthintela umbane oqingqiweyo oveliswe ngexesha leenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zetekisi nakwinkqubo yokugqiba idabi, iiarhente ze-adatutic ziyafuneka. Umsebenzi wabo ophambili kukudlulisela i-feds yokufuma kunye ne-Ionic kwimigangatho yefayibha, ukunciphisa iipropathi zokuthambisa kunye nokwandisa ukuqhutywa kwenkqubo kunye nokuphelisa okanye ukuthintela umbane oqingqiweyo. Phakathi kwezinto ezikhoyo, iiarhente zakwa-Anion Antiinatic zezona zahlukeneyo. Ii-oils ze-sull, amanqatha aacids, kunye neekhabhoni ezinamafutha anokufakwa e-antistatic, ukuthambisa, ukuthambisa, nokuzimisela iipropathi. I-Alkyl i-Ilfle, ngakumbi iityuwa ze-Amonium kunye ne-ethanolaminemine, zinengxaki yokuphumelela okuphezulu.

Ngapha koko, i-alkylphenol ethoxdedlate ivele phakathi kweearhente ze-audionatic andabisi. Ngokubanzi, i-curpic ye-curpic ayingasebenzi kakuhle kuphela iiarhente ze-antionatiki kodwa zikwabonelela nge-copties egqwesileyo kunye nefibre. Iimbaleki zabo ziquka ukungqinelana kwedayi, kwanciphisa ukuqina, ukungangqinelani kwe-anaonic sunzo, ityhefu yentsimbi, kunye nokucaphuka okuphezulu, kunye nokuncipha kolusu, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunokuba kunearhente yeoyile. I-Cusic Surephocapes esetyenziswa njengeiarhente ze-antistatic ngokuyintloko ziqukethe i-Ammonary Ammory Ammory Ammon Ammory Ammonium kunye ne-Acid Acid acid. I-Zwittiericic Surfrionic, enjengeebutes, ibonelela ngeziphumo ezilungileyo ze-antistatic kunye nokuthambisa, ukuqinisekisa, kunye nokusasaza iipropathi.

I-noinic surfaction ibonakalisa ukugcinwa komswakama oqinileyo kwaye ilungele iimeko eziphantsi zokufuma kweentsinga. Ngokwesiqhelo bangabachaphazeli ukusebenza kwe-DE kwaye banokuhlengahlengisa i-viscofity ngaphezulu kwetyhefu yolusu, eququzelela i-oyile ephambili kwi-ethoxylene glythylenes.

1.5 I-Pennerants kunye neearhente ezimanzi

I-Prinerants kunye neearhente ezimanzi zizongezwa ezikhuthaza ukumanzi okukhawulezayo kwe-fiber okanye iindawo zelaphu ngamanzi kunye nokwenza lula ukungena kwezinto zotywala. I-sundocaccapes evumela ulwelo ukuba lungenise okanye ukhawulezisa ukungena kolwelo kwi-porous ityhefu i-penerants. Ukungena kungeniswa kwimanzi aneleyo okwenzeka. Ukumanzi kubhekisa kwinqanaba apho i-qhezu lasasazeka ngaphezulu komphezulu oqinileyo kunxibelelwano. Ke ngoko, i-penerants kunye neearhente zamanzi ezisetyenziswayo kuphela kwiinkqubo zangaphambi konyango ezinjengokuzila, ukubilisa, ukuguqulela, kunye nokugqobhoza kodwa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo zokuprinta nokugqiba.

Iimpawu ezifunekayo kwi-penerants kunye neearhente ezimanzi zibandakanya: 1) Ukumelana namanzi anzima noAlkali; 2) Ukwazi ukungena ngokuqinileyo kokupheliswa kwexesha; 3) Ukuphuculwa kokuphuculwa kwe-capillay yendwangu ephathwayo. I-Cusic SuntFAPENSPUSS ayifanelekanga njengabameli bamanzi kuba banokuvuma kwiintsinga kwaye bathintele amanzi emanzi. I-Zwittiedic Surfacents ineentsilelo ezithile kwisicelo. Yiyo loo nto, i-surficapes esetyenziswe njenge-penerants kunye neearhente ezimanzi ikakhulu zinemigangatho ye-aneionic kunye ne-oneic. Ukongeza, i-surfacapes kumzi-mveliso wendwangu isetyenziswa njengamalungu ahlaziyiweyo, i-eulsiber, iiarhente ezingcolileyo, iiarhente zokulungisa, kunye neearhente zokulungisa, kunye neearhente zamanzi.

I-alkyl PolyglUcode (APG) ye-bio-sunt synthented evela kwi-alcols enamafutha yendalo kunye neglucose evela kwizibonelelo ezihlaziyiweyo. Luhlobo olutsha lwe-ofisi ye-noinic yosulelo ngentsebenzo ebanzi, edibanisa iipropathi ze-onion kunye ne-anainic sub. Yamkelwe kwilizwe liphela njengento ethandwayo "eluhlaza", iphawulwa ngumsebenzi ophezulu, ukhuseleko lwendalo olufanelekileyo, kunye nokuluka.